The Conflict Of The Rwandan Genocide - 1511 Words

Sometime in April 1994, during the Rwandan Genocide, Father Athanase Seromba helped lure 2,000 Tutsi men, women, and children into his church where they thought they would be safe. One day, Seromba began clearing out the Communion chalices. A refugee in the church begged him to leave the Eucharist so that they could hold a final mass. However, Seromba refused, telling the congregation that the building was no longer a church. Another refugee asked the priest if he would pray for them. He answered, â€Å"Is the God of the Tutsis still alive?† Later, Seromba would have the church bulldozed and would send the militia in to kill the survivors (Kimani, 2010). In a continent as vast as Africa, it is not uncommon to see the struggles of both Christianity and Islam play out. Just a couple years ago, the world heard about the Boko Haram Islamic extremist group kidnapping schoolgirls in Nigeria, forcing them to convert to Islam and marriage with other members of Boko Haram. Lesser know n are the Christian terrorists of the African continent who attack and kill the Muslim community among them. In the last two decades, the Western world has become so fearful after news of Muslim terrorist attacks and genocides, especially after 9/11. So much so that Western citizens have turned on other citizens simply because they are Muslim, look Middle-Eastern, or have an Arabic name. Sometimes we forget that some of the worst genocides in history have been instigated or participated in by Christians –Show MoreRelatedThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Genocide1864 Words   |  8 PagesKant’s philosophical perspective, humans are moral agents due to their ability to rationalize, reason and be autonomous. In order to make the claim that the international community is morally unjustified in their lack of action regarding the Rwandan genocide is because humanitarian intervention can be regarded as a perfect duty when approached from a Kantian perspective. This ideology is cha llenging for many critics because if this is a perfect duty then comes the question of who is to claim suchRead MoreRwandan Genocide Report On The Conflict Essay1809 Words   |  8 PagesRwandan Genocide Report Summary of the conflict In 1894 German colonization resulted in Tutsis being put into roles of responsibility over Hutus due to the Tutsis more closely resembling Europeans. After Germany lost its colonies after World War One Belgium took over control in Rwanda. The Belgians distributed identification cards throughout the population, unknowingly beginning the genocide process. They also gave all the leadership roles to the Tutsi, upsetting the Hutus. When Rwanda fought forRead MoreRwandan Genocide And Ethnic Conflict3296 Words   |  14 Pages the state of Rwanda was hurled into chaos as genocides took the lives of 800,000 people . Began by the Hutu political elite and its military support, their main targets were the Tutsi, and Hutu moderates. Many have claimed â€Å"ethnic hatred† as the reason of the Rwanda Genocide and while an ethnic split existed in Rwanda during the conflict, the causes for the genocide are numerous and complicated. In examining the Rwanda Genocide as an ethnic conflict it is crucial that ethnicity be inspected as itRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Genocide2091 Words   |  9 PagesFinding the Right Way to Intervene: Sovereignty Paper In the spring and summer of 1994, Rwanda experienced a genocide that killed hundreds of thousands of innocent people. After seeing the tragedies that took place in Nazi Germany, one would expect the international community to respond quickly and effectively in the case of the Rwandan genocide. However, the killings were largely pushed aside or ignored by the rest of the world, begging the question of when states have the right or duty to betrayRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And Ethnic Conflict1768 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.0 Introduction The Rwandan genocide has been a topic of discussion and study by many scholars, researchers and humanitarian bodies seeking to find the root cause of its happening. Some found out that deterioration in the political climate was the possible cause. Others argued that the Hutu elite were only safeguarding their political power from the Tutsis who had, under the colonial rule, oppressed the Hutus. The genocide was seen to be the best platform for settling scoresRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Genocide Under The Clinton Administration975 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1994, one of the most brutal genocides of all time took place in the small country of Rwanda. Over the span of approximately 100 days, 800,000 Rwandans were killed—an average of 8,000 people per day— with Tutsis being the primary target. The staggering numbers called for international intervention, yet the action taken across the world was slim. Samantha Power’s â€Å"Bystanders to Genocide† revea ls that the U.S.’s handling of the Rwandan genocide under the Clinton Administration was both minimalisticRead MoreThe Conflict Between Rwanda And The Rwandan Genocide Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesBodies lying in the streets. People hacking each other with machetes and other bladed weapons. Blood splattering the ground. Such was the scene in the spring of 1994 in the African country of Rwanda. The Rwandan Genocide claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of lives over the course of 100 days because of racial tensions between the Hutus and the Tutsis. Over twenty years later, the two tribes live together, but it is an uneasy peace. Tensions between the Hutus and the Tutsis can be tracedRead MoreThe Rwandan Conflict : Genocide Or War? International Journal On World Peace891 Words   |  4 PagesDanjibo Dominic. The 1994 Rwandan Conflict: Genocide or War? International Journal on World Peace. Vol XXX No. 3(2013). 31-54. Print. The Article by Olaifa and Dominic, provides background and general information about the Rwandan Conflict of 1994 which relates to the concept of genocide and is to determine its relationship with war as a concept. The authors present an investigation of the reasons of Rwandan tragedy and justifies the difference between concepts of war and genocide by explaining theirRead MoreA Look at the Rwandan Genocide Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pages Thousands of people died. The only reason is because they were a different political party. There are terrible economies. People are suffering and have very little hope. Genocide is the only reason. Everything could have been prevented if genocide didn’t exist. The world basically ignored the genocide and pretended like it never happened because they didn’t want to spend the money. Thousands of people could still be alive if the world stepped up at helped the victims of this horrible crime. RwandaRead MoreThe Rwanda Of The Rwandan Defence Force904 Words   |  4 Pagesa lack of proper governance. Each conflict has its own individual history, perpetrators, victims and bystanders with difficult answers on how to solve them. The post-genocide nation of Rwanda witnessed one of the most horrific events a nation could experience, genocide. However, it has rebuilt itself to become an example nation for transitional justice, political stability and economic development. Rwanda’s military capabilities within the institute of the Rwandan Defence Force (RDF) are well known

A Critique Of Stanley Milgram s The Perils Of Obedience

Rochelle Jarmer Composition 2 Karsten Piper Due Date: 6/27/15 A Critique of Stanley Milgram’s: â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† Stanley Milgram’s article, â€Å"The Perils of Obedience,† first appeared in the December 1973 issue of Harper’s Magazine. In the article, Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, presented the thesis that â€Å"Obedience is a deeply ingrained behavior tendency , indeed a potent impulse overriding training in ethics, sympathy and moral conduct .† To prove his point, Milgram conducted a series of experiments at Yale and in various countries in which an adult, volunteer subject called the â€Å"learner† is strapped to a â€Å"mini electric chair† and given a test by a â€Å"teacher,†. When the learner is tested, they receive an electrical shock if unable to give the correct answer. The voltage will increase with each incorrect answer. However, the learners were actors and received no real shock. The â€Å"experimenter,† or authoritative figure, gave instructions to the teacher to not stop the testing, no matter how intense the pain was for the learner. The focus of the experiment would be on the teacher and to observe their behavior and see how far they would go before disobeying the experimenter. Milgram’s article, though controversial, does demonstrate the point that ordinary people can be capable of atrocious acts if put in the right circumstance or have the ability to pass blame to another person. A conflict that disturbed me most was when the subject, Batta, forces theShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Tax residency of Sam for the year FY2015 and FY2016 Free Sample

Questions: 1.Is Sam an Australian Resident for the Income Tax years ending 30 June 2015 and 30 June 2016? Give reasons. 2.Advise Sam Whether the Income he receives will be Assessable in Australia during these tax years. Answers: 1.Issue The core issue in the given case is to determine the tax residency of Sam for the year FY2015 and FY2016 taking into consideration the various facts given. Rule The relevant statute that deals with the subject of tax residency is Section 6(1), ITAA 1936. It specifies various tests that may be deployed in order to determine the tax residency status of the taxpayer under question. These tests have also been enumerated in TR98/17 (CCH, 2013). The importance of determining tax residency lies in the fact that differential tax norms tend to be applicable for the Australian tax resident and Foreign tax resident in line with section 6-5(2) and 6-5(3), ITAA 1997 (Barkoczy, 2015). The various residency tests that may be used for individual taxpayer tax residency status are highlighted below (Nethercott, Richardson, and and Devos, 2016). Superannuation Test 183 days Test Reside Test Domicile Test The taxpayer needs to satisfy only one of the tests mentioned above so as to be categorised as the Australian tax resident. It is imperative to note that there are certain conditions associated with each of the tests listed above that limit their application. For Australian domicile holders, the relevant test for tax residency is the domicile test which would be discussed in detail here (Sadiq et. al., 2016). In accordance with the domicile test, tax residency is granted on the fulfilment of both the below stated conditions (Gilders et. al., 2016). The given taxpayer must have a valid domicile of Australia as per Domicile Act 1982 It is essential that the permanent abode or permanent residence of the concerned individual should be located within Australia. While, the first condition is rather easy to check in an objective manner, but there is considerable subjectivity with regards to determination of place of permanent residence. In this regards, IT 2650 may be useful as it highlights the critical factors that the Tax Commissioner is likely to consider for determining the place of permanent abode. These are mentioned below (ATO, 1991). Deviation of the actual stay period in a foreign location in comparison with the intended stay period. Presence or absence of intention on taxpayers part to come back to Australia Act of setting up a home in a foreign location Abandonment of the Australian residence Amount of time for which the taxpayer is present in foreign location and the visits to Australia during that period Extent of association that the given taxpayer maintains in Australia while residing in foreign location A relevant case which merits discussion is the F.C. of T. v. Applegate (1979) ATC 4307 case. In this case, an Australian domicile holder was sent abroad for professional purposes and the duration of foreign stay was indefinite. However, it is known that eventually after his task was over, he would return back to Australia. But, the taxpayer had to return permanently to Australia after two years due to illness. In the given case, the honourable court opined that the taxpayer would be treated as a non-Australian tax resident even though eventually he would have returned to Australia. It was also highlighted that the word permanent does not imply indefinitely but rather a substantial length. Similar stance was assumed in the F.C. of T. v. Jenkins 82 ATC 4098; (1982) 12 ATR 745 case (Deutsch et. al., 2015). Application Based on the above discussion and the given facts, Sam would be treated as a foreign tax resident for FY2015 and FY2016 because of the following reasons. The duration of stay in Italy is not definite and Sam hopes to extend his stay as he wishes to extend his contract with the Inter Milan ream based in Italy. This clearly reflects that Sam had intention to stay for a long time in Italy which could have spanned multiple years. As a result, he had even set up a bank account in Italy which also hints toward the same. Despite Sam having the intention to return to Australia eventually, the arguments of the C. of T. v. Applegate (1979) ATC 4307 would be applicable in this case. Even though Sam has returned in May 2016, but the same is because of the injury and end of soccer career and not voluntarily. Thus, taking into consideration the various case laws discussed above, it is apparent that the permanent abode for Sam during the two years was in Italy. Hence, he fails to satisfy the domicile test for either year. 2.Issue The central issue is to determine if the income received by Sam during his stay in Italy would be taxable in Australia or not. Rule As per Section 6-5(2), if the given taxpayer is classified as a tax resident of Australia, then income derived from both foreign and domestic sources would contribute to the assessable income. However, the treatment is different for foreign tax residents, which is highlighted in v Section 6-5(3) (CCH, 2013). In accordance with Section 6-5(3), for foreign tax residents, only the income derived from sources located within the territorial boundaries of Australia would contribute to assessable income in Australia. Thus, any foreign income derived by a foreign tax resident would not be assessable or taxed in Australia (Barkoczy, 2015). Application It is apparent from the discussion above that Sam is a foreign tax resident for FY2015 and FY2016. Hence, in line with Section 6-5(3), he would be liable to pay tax only on any income that he would have derived from Australia. Any income from foreign sources would be exempt from tax in Australia. It is apparent that the contract income for soccer is derived from Italy and hence would be foreign source income which is not taxable in Australia as per the relevant rules. However, it is also known that Sam has a property in Australia which has been rented. The rent income is derived from Australia only and hence would be taxable in Australia. Conclusion Sam would be considered a foreign tax resident for FY2015 and FY2016. As, Sam is a foreign tax resident for the given time period, hence only the rent income derived from property located in Australia would be taxable at the hands of Australian tax authorities. References ATO 1991, IT 2650, Australian Taxation Office, [Online] Available at https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?Docid=ITR/IT2650/NAT/ATO/00001 [Accessed March 30, 2017] Barkoczy,S. 2015, Foundation of Taxation Law 2015, 7th ed., North Ryde: CCH Publications CCH 2013, Australian Master Tax Guide 2013, 51st ed., Sydney: Wolters Kluwer Deutsch, R., Freizer, M., Fullerton, I., Hanley, P., and Snape, T. 2015, Australian tax handbook 8th ed., Pymont: Thomson Reuters, Gilders, F., Taylor, J., Walpole, M., Burton, M. and Ciro, T. 2016, Understanding taxation law 2016, 9th ed., Sydney: LexisNexis/Butterworths. Nethercott, L., Richardson, G. and Devos, K. 2016, Australian Taxation Study Manual 2016, 4th ed., Sydney: Oxford University Press Sadiq, K, Coleman, C, Hanegbi, R, Jogarajan, S, Krever, R, Obst, W, and Ting, A 2016 ,Principles of Taxation Law 2016, 8th ed., Pymont:Thomson Reuters

Media Society agenda setting

Introduction The media has a major responsibility as far as citizens of a nation are concerned. Nowadays, there are many forms of communication from which people can acquire information about what is going on in the world. Most people use the information that they get from the media to make decisions that affect their lifestyles and major decisions that affect their health, education or jobs that they venture into.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Society: agenda setting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cultural beliefs have also changed and more and more people have become antisocial and spend most of their time watching what is broadcasted in the media. The media therefore holds a lot of responsibility in providing the accurate information that would influence people’s decisions and perceptions since information provided by the media affect’s people’s attitudes, behavior and thoughts. In agenda setting, the media must therefore be ethical and adhere to rules set by media regulation bodies. The media has power to influence the decisions that are made by people or how people perceive an issue because the media can choose to make a lot of focus on an issue or air an issue frequently than normal (Weaver, Maxwell Donald, 2004). Role of the Media Some critics of the media claim that some elements of media can be bought by the ‘highest bidder’; this is one of the reasons why most media houses ensure that they hire individuals of high moral integrity and character. People in the media should not be easily swayed by people who have their own selfish interests at heart instead of focusing on the greater good of the people. Thus, the agenda setting model has highly been advocated for by many scholars especially Maxwell McCombs, who has had a long career in Journalism and has taught extensively on this field (2005). In some cases, what is aired in the news is influenced by what is happening around the world, if no major events are happening in the world for example wars, natural catastrophes, diseases outbreaks or political elections, other minor stories make the top news in the media. It is also hypothesized that sometimes the news that are made available to the public depend on public agenda setting capabilities depending on the political climate, history of the region and policies that control the media in an area. In regards to the agenda setting theory role of the media, the media responsibly uses their role as public informers to determine what is important and is newsworthy and presents this to the public (Wanta 1999). News editors, journalists and directors decide on the important issues that should be highlighted and then these issues are focused on. Agenda building is closely related to agenda setting and focuses on the important issues that determine the formation of policies by government and stakeholders in the private indus try.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The media is seen as influencing and affecting the things that people think about and focus on. Thus, the media and their agenda setting role seem to have a cause-effect relationship whereby the media highlights an issue and that issue’s importance reflects back on the public audience who focus on the issue completely. Agenda setting is important because it affects other different agendas like; public agenda, policy and corporate agenda which determine the direction of economies, politics and social life in the world. Critics argue that the agenda setting might not be applicable in future due to the technological advances that are being made in the world (Warl Hanitzsch, 2008). Many more people are choosing how they get the news that they want by subscribing to the news that they are interested in for example by subscribing to a particular news service in the media through their phones. Subsequent agenda setting Subsequent agenda setting is composed of a few aspects whereby most individuals subscribe to certain types of news that they prefer such as print, internet or through the television stations available to individuals. People seem to watch a few selected stations leaving out some other nations. This shows that even though a lot of choices are made to individuals, they seem to choose a given number of media sources in comparison to others. In the second phase of agenda setting, there is framing of news that is delivered from the public. The media can highlight the areas of the news that they think are important and this stimulates individuals to think about those particular aspects of the news compared to other parts of the news. The major concept of this phase of agenda setting is that the news presents what they feel should be the top news and individuals focus on that part of the news. The public c ould have an idea of what they think is important to them so by highlighting on such particular features they frame it to make the audience or listener think about it in a more broad perspective in the context of political and social aspects of life in a nation or in the world (O’Heferman, 1991). For example the view of whether the United States was right on waging the war in Iraq was the question in many people’s minds. Some media outlets analyzed the strain of the war on the budget, the effects on the prices of fuel and this directed people in the direction towards which they began to critically question themselves and discuss with other people what the relevance of the war was.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Society: agenda setting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this situation, the media has a great role to play in helping citizens evaluate the decisions that were made by legislator s and even decide whether they can vote in the same representatives to office that were associated with particular political and economic decisions. Another good example is a situation whereby a local media outlet ran a story about insecurity in Texas, the station framed insecurity as an issue that made people think and start questioning. The public voice their concerns about the insecurity in their state yet real research showed that since the time that the insecurity story had been filmed, crime levels had actually reduced. Psychology of agenda setting effects When the media frames and highlights a particular issue in the news, it stimulates people to think about the issue more and seek for answers or more information that might enlighten them more on the particular issue. This is because in most cases, the media runs stories that affect people and their lives; politically, socially, economically and geographically. People especially look out for more information from the media wh en they are undecided concerning various aspects that affect them. Voters who for instance might be undecided about the political candidates that they want to vote for are more likely to be watching the news to get more information that might influence their decision as compared to people who might have already made their decisions (Weaver et al, 2004). Due to education of many more people in the world and access to many technological advancements and the availability of many outlets and mediums where people can get news, people are more informed and want to participate in any way that they can so as to positively change their lives. This leads to people putting more effort to access information in the media so as to obtain information that may influence them to make the decisions that they feel would put them in an empowering situation. History of agenda setting News that have been aired in the media have a history of airing people who have different views on issues like politics, parenting, environment, schooling and so many other areas. The media tries to bring together conflicting sides to a story and enlighten the public on issues affecting them; it must therefore be extremely ethical to ensure that the public know what they need to make good informed decisions. If ever people discovered that the media did not report what they were supposed to, or they gave the wrong information concerning an issue, they would lose confidence in the media.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Agenda setting can be traced back to the 18th century in the year 1735 when local print used to focus on news in areas like Britain only and did not focus on America which was then a British colony (McCombs Donald, 1972). Up to the year 1744, news in the media only seemed to focus on Britain only but the news changed their focus to America in the late 1740s (McCombs Donald, 1972). This was influenced by people’s inquiries to the state of America at that time. When one print company started the trend of reporting on more than just Britain, Other print companies followed suit and from that time onwards, the public was rarely ignored. Media scholars also agreed that there has to be a consensus on the issues to be addressed in the media for the public. The media does not keep on emphasizing on an issue unless the story has new details to feed the current issue. Even if the issue has a great effect on the socio-economic and political aspects of people’s lives, the media c annot over focus on one issue. Of late, the media has to focus on issues like health factors in order to influence people’s living habits which lead to diseases like diabetes, heart attacks and heart failures. The media can also assist the people by highlighting political issues that affect people such as civic education and how the people can vote wisely in the elections based on the manifestos that would help to develop the community. Finally, the media can assist people by educating the public on wise financial decisions that can positively affect their lives. Process of agenda setting Sources of media agenda The issue of setting the agenda has been discussed by scholars at length and they pose the question about who sets the agenda for the media. The media decides what is important to the public and what they should focus on but it is a contentious issue on who regulates what the media airs. Media scholars argue that the tradition and norms that have been set by many othe r generations before have led to the knowledge that the media only discuss what they feel are the important aspects that they should focus on when it comes to presenting news to the public. Different media organizations also interact with each other and discuss the issues that they feel should be highlighted depending on how much they touch on socio-political and economical aspects of life. New makers are also influenced by policy makers based on research findings and forecasts of the important aspects of people’s lives (McCombs Donald, 1972). It is the collaboration between different media outlets that makes similar news to be aired in different television channels and printed in different periodicals; this is an important aspect of agenda setting. Consequences of Agenda setting effects Setting of the agenda by the media has great effects to the public since the media influences the opinions, attitudes and decisions of the public. The media has the powerful effect of making the public form an opinion and have the power to shape the opinion of majority of the people and even influence a huge number of people to make a decision by providing the required information to make people learn about a particular side of an opinion. Thus, both the media and the public are responsible for agenda setting. In most cases, if there is an issue that the public is not comfortable with, the media does not highlight such issues (Dearing Rogers, 1996). Visions of Agenda Setting Professional Detachment The agenda setting process is viewed as a profession in the field of journalism separate from the personalities involved in delivering the stories to people. The agenda setting process is viewed as coming naturally to the field of journalism. The media’s delivery of news is however seen as affecting all aspects of the community in terms of their opinions, attitudes and the kinds of decisions that they make. Targeted involvement Due to the expectations of the public o n the media, the media have to focus on the issues that they know affect the public directly even if key stakeholders are not adhering to what they are supposed to adhere to, the media is supposed to highlight these issues. This would mobilize the public to advocate for the much needed agenda that they should focus on and advocate for needed change in government, public or private sector. Bolstering The media is also supposed to boost the positive developments in the community so as to foster its growth and encourage people in the community. When the media talks positively on an issue, that issue is focused on by people and is viewed positively. Talking about increases in jobs would lead to raising the morale of the people in the community which has a surprisingly high productivity effect on people. A point of transition There exists a sense of professional in journalism when reporting in the media, journalists and other media professionals are however transitioning with the times a nd they input their opinions on stories in a way that will not affect the stories that they present, but in such a way that will be appealing to the audience. Proactive agenda setting It has been argued that the media has to actively involve the community in the setting up of agenda since the media presents their content to the public and it is only logical that they should involve their audience in the content of the material that is being presented to them (McCullagh, 2002). References Dearing, Rogers. 1996. Agenda Setting. California. Sage Publications. McCombs, Maxwell. 2005. A Look at Agenda-Setting: Past, Present, Future’ in  Journalism Studies, 6 (4): 543-557. McCombs, Maxwell and Donald Shaw. 1972. The Agenda-Setting Function of the Mass Media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36: 176-185. McCullagh, Ciaran. 2002. The Production of Media Messages: Who Sets the Media  Agenda. California: Sage publications. O’Hefferman, P. 1991. Massmedia American Policy. Washingto : Green wood publishing company. Wanta, W. 1999. The Public and the national agenda. New York. Routeledge. Warl, K., Hanitzsch, T. 2008. The handbook of Journalism Studies. Taylor Francis. Weaver, D., Maxwell M., Donald, S. 2004. Agenda Setting research: Issues,  Attributes and Influences’, Chpt 10 in, Lynda Less Kaid (ed), Handbook of Political Communications Research. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. This essay on Media Society: agenda setting was written and submitted by user Mina Lester to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Read Literature Like a Professor (Study Questions) Essays

How to Read Literature Like a Professor (Study Questions) Essays How to Read Literature Like a Professor (Study Questions) Paper How to Read Literature Like a Professor (Study Questions) Paper Essay Topic: Literature *Introduction* *Introduction* 1. What is a Faustian bargain? Where did that phrase originate? The hero is offered something he wants in exchange for his soul (deal with the devil); Dr Faustist 2. What does Foster mean by the phrase language of reading? grammar 3. How does a literature professor read differently from a lay reader? Memory, symbols, patterns 4. What are the three items that separate the professorial reader from the rest of the crowd? Memory, symbols, patterns *Chapter 1: Every Trip is a Quest (Except When Its Not)* *Chapter 1: Every Trip is a Quest (Except When Its Not)* 1. What five things does a quest consist of? Quester, place to go, started reason, trials, real reason 2. What is the real reason for a quest (always)? Self knowledge 3. What is Fosters overall point about journeys or trips in literature? Everything is a quest *Chapter 2: Nice to Eat With You: Acts of Communion* *Chapter 2: Nice to Eat With You: Acts of Communion* 1. What does communion mean? Whenever people eat or drink together 2. For what reason does Foster suggest that authors often include meal scenes? Act of sharing and peace 3. What does a failed meal suggest in literature? Bad sign *Chapter 3: Nice to Eat You: Acts of Vampires* *Chapter 3: Nice to Eat You: Acts of Vampires* 1. What is literal vampirism? nasty old man (steals innocence) 2. What is symbolic vampirism? sucks life out of a person 3. What are the essentials of the vampire story and what do they represent? Older figure, young female/innocent, continuance of life force *Chapter 4: Now, Where Have I Seen Her Before?* *Chapter 4: Now, Where Have I Seen Her Before?* 1. What does Foster mean when he says that theres no such thing as a wholly original work of literature? Everything is inspired 2. What does Foster mean by the term intertextuality? Borrowing from other works of literature 3. What is the benefit, or value, of picking up on the parallels between works of literature? Structure meaning *Chapter 5: When in Doubt, Its from Shakespeare* *Chapter 5: When in Doubt, Its from Shakespeare* 1. Why do so many writers allude to Shakespeare? Easy way to find good stories 2. What are some of the ways that Shakespeare influences writers? It provides plot and language *Chapter 6:Or the Bible* *Chapter 6:Or the Bible* 1. Why is the Bible so often alluded to in literature? Everyone knows Bible stories 2. What are some of the ways that writers allude to the Bible? Plot, titles, motifs, characters, themes 3. Whats the benefit of knowing/understanding Bible allusions in literature? You can find the deeper meanings *Chapter 7: Hanseldee and Greteldum* *Chapter 7: Hanseldee and Greteldum* 1. Why do writers borrow from kiddie lit in their works? Readers can always relate 2. What are some of the ways writers allude to kiddie lit in their writings? Small known details *Chapter 8: Its Greek to Me* *Chapter 8: Its Greek to Me* 1. What does Foster mean by the term myth? Body of a story that matters 2. Why do writers allude to mythology? Stories are ingrained in society 3. What are some of the ways that writers allude to mythology? Components that parallel or represent a myth *Chapter 9: Its More Than Just Rain or Snow* *Chapter 9: Its More Than Just Rain or Snow* 1. How can weather be symbolic in literature? It could be shown as a new awakening (rain) or as a feeling of nothingness 2. How can weather serve as a plot device in literature? It can be used to force two characters together 3. What are some of the common meanings of various types of weather? Rain- Rainbow- Fog- Snow- Rain- cleansing; spring; new awakening Rainbow- divine promise; peace between heaven and earth Fog- misery; ability to not see clearly Snow- a blanket of cleansing; cozy; nothingness *Chapter 10: Never Stand Next To The Hero* *Chapter 10: Never Stand Next To The Hero* 1. What is the problem with being best pals with the hero? The hero always needs to learn some kind of lesson through the death of another character 2. What purpose does the death of a friend serve? to teach the hero a lesson they need to learn 3. Why are not all characters created equal? too much time, too long of a book, might get the wrong idea of a character *Chapter 11: More Than Its Gonna Hurt You: Concerning Violence* *Chapter 11: More Than Its Gonna Hurt You: Concerning Violence* 1. Why does violence occur in literature? basis of plot, interested, plot complications 2. What are the two categories of violence in literature? situational and authorial 3. What questions should a reader ask about the violence found in a piece of literature? misfortune represents famous / mythical resemble, why? 4. What are the four reasons that authors kill of characters in literature? make action, plot complications, end plot complications, put characters under stress *Chapter 12: Is That a Symbol?* *Chapter 12: Is That a Symbol?* 1. Whats the difference between symbolism and allegory? mean different thing / one thing 2. What impacts a readers understanding of symbolic meaning? better understanding 3. What, besides objects, can be symbolic? gesters, movements, emotions 4. How should a reader approach symbolism in a text? What questions should the reader ask of the text when trying to determine symbolic meaning? being aware, assumptions are good, recap/reread, remember *Chapter 13: Its All Political* *Chapter 13: Its All Political* 1. Foster asserts that, Nearly all writing is __________. political 2. In what ways do authors include social criticism in their writings? an underlying theme to get at political views the author may have 3. Why do authors include social criticism in their writings? to oppress the government not publicly 4. What are some of the common political issues that writers tackle? problems government is facing *Chapter 14: Yes, Shes a Christ Figure, Too* *Chapter 14: Yes, Shes a Christ Figure, Too* 1. What are the characteristics of a Christ figure? good with children, self-serving 2. Does a character need to resemble Christ in all ways to be considered a Christ figure? no 3. Why do writers use Christ figures? Jesus is iconic-> he has become a symbol *Chapter 15: Flights of Fancy* *Chapter 15: Flights of Fancy* 1. Why do so many writers toy with flight in their works? it is a culture shared fantasy 2. In what ways might flight be symbolic in literature? escape from reality / freedom 3. What is the symbolic deal with interrupted or failed flight? fear failure / actually failure 4. Does a character always have to actually fly in order for there to be flying in a piece of literature? Explain no, they may love or imagine *Chapter 16: Its All About Sex* *Chapter 16: Its All About Sex* 1. What are some of the things that symbolize sex and / or gender? chalice, swords, building, rolling hills 2. Why does sexual symbolism exist / occur in literature? because they could not right about it *Chapter 17: Except Sex* *Chapter 17: Except Sex* 1. Foster writes When theyre writing about other things, they really mean sex, and when they write about sex, they really mean something else. What are some of the other things that this scene means? freedom, sacrifice, domination / submission, birth, pleasure, espionage, enlightenment 2. Why dont writers usually write actual sex scenes? boring / more meaning *Chapter 18: If She Comes Up, Its Baptism* *Chapter 18: If She Comes Up, Its Baptism* 1. When and how is water symbolic of baptism in literature? start fresh and new 2. What does it mean when a character drowns? rebirth, revelation, violence / guilt, plot complication, being cleansed *Chapter 19: Geography Matters* *Chapter 19: Geography Matters* 1. How can geography reinforce theme? proving the proper tools for interactions with characters 2. How can geography define / develop character? the characters views can change 3. How can geography be character? by giving insight with discribtions 4. How can geography play an important plot role? by setting up an environment 5. What are some patterns of symbolism with regard to geography? going south- bad fog- unknown dark- evil 6. What does it mean when an author sends a character south? bad stuffs, encounters with subconsiance 7. How can a writers personal geography inform his / her work? geography surrounding the author effect his writing *Chapter 20: So Does Season* *Chapter 20: So Does Season* 1. What are the symbolic implications of each major season: spring, summer, fall, winter? spring- youth summer- adulthood fall- decline winter- death 2. What is the symbolic implication of the progression of season (from spring through winter)? circle of life *Chapter 21: Marked for Greatness* *Chapter 21: Marked for Greatness* 1. What might physical marks or imperfections symbolize? moral, psychological, emotional, and imperfections 2. How can landscapes be marked as well? What might it mean physical / spiritual setting have a role 3. Beyond the individual, what can imperfection or deformity indicate? foreshadow setting event and tell about past 4. What are some of the symbolic indications of monsters in literature? extreme physical markings or imperfections *Chapter 22: Hes Blind for a Reason, You Know* *Chapter 22: Hes Blind for a Reason, You Know* 1. What can physical blindness mirror? moral / intertextuality to love 2. What is often the irony behind a blind character? they can see truth 3. How are darkness and lightness related to sight? darkness- no truth lightness- truth *Chapter 23: Its Never Just Heart Disease And Rarely Just Illness* *Chapter 23: Its Never Just Heart Disease And Rarely Just Illness* 1. What are some of the symbolic possibilities associated with the heart? Why? heart attacks or a broken heart 2. What things make a prime literary disease? 1. picturesque 2. mysterious orgin 3. symbolic reason 3. What are some of the conventional symbolic meanings of various illnesses? Tuberculosis- a wasting disease Physical paralysis can mirror moral, social, spiritual, intellectual, political paralysis Malaria: means literally bad air with the attendant metaphorical possibilities. *Chapter 24: Dont Read with Your Eyes* *Chapter 24: Dont Read with Your Eyes* 1. Why did I italicize your in the chapter title, above to emphasize that youre supposed ot read through characters eyes 2. What is Fosters main point in this chapter? to put yourself in the storys setting 3. Do we have to accept the values of another culture to accept the impact those values had on the writing yes *Chapter 25: Its My Symbol and Ill Cry If I Want To* *Chapter 25: Its My Symbol and Ill Cry If I Want To* 1. What are symbols and how do they form? something with a second meaning 2. Symbols do not mean the same thing for everyone, so how do you figure out symbolism? some symbols are personal to a writer to readers can interpret what it means to them self *Chapter 26: Is He Serious? And Other Ironies* *Chapter 26: Is He Serious? And Other Ironies* 1. What does Foster mean when he says, Irony trumps everything? Irony changes everything -> the reader can no longer trust their instincts on what they think is supposed to happen 2. How can you tell if something is ironic? If you realize something didnt happen the way it was intended, you can consider it likely being ironic especially if the result is humorous or tragic 3. What does Foster mean when he says, Irony doesnt work for everyone? Irony only works if a reader can see if something is ironic or else the whole point of the writer making something ironic is pointless 4. There are three types of Irony in literature. verbal, situational / structural, dramatic Verbal irony- character says opposite of what is expected Situational / Structural irony- situation or event plays out in an opposite or abnormal way-not like expected Dramatic irony- audience / reader knows more than the character knows

The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution

The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution On March 4, 1789, the first group of United States senators reported for duty in the brand new U.S. Congress. For the next 124 years, while many new senators would come and go, not a single one of them would have been elected by the American people. From 1789 to 1913, when the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, all U.S. senators were chosen by the state legislatures. Key Takeaways: The 17th Amendment The 17th Amendment to the United States Constitution provides for the election of senators by voters in the states they are to represent, rather than by the state legislatures and establishes the method for filling vacancies in the Senate.The 17th Amendment was proposed in 1912 and ratified on April 8, 1913. Senators were first elected by the people in Maryland in 1913, and nationwide in the general election of November 3,1914. The 17th Amendment provides that senators should be directly elected by voters in the states they are to represent, rather than by the state legislatures. It also provides a method for filling vacancies in the Senate. The amendment was proposed by the 62nd Congress in 1912 and adopted in 1913 after being ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the then 48 states. Senators were first elected by voters in special elections in Maryland in 1913 and Alabama in 1914, then nationwide in the general election of 1914. With the right of the people to choose some of the most powerful officials of the U.S. federal government seemingly such an integral part of American democracy, why did it take so for that right to be granted? Background The framers of the Constitution, convinced that senators should not be popularly elected, crafted Article I, section 3 of the Constitution to state, â€Å"The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.† The framers felt that allowing the state legislatures to choose senators would secure their loyalty to the federal government, thus increasing the Constitution’s chances of ratification. In addition, the framers felt that senators chosen by their state legislatures would be better able to concentrate on the legislative process without having to deal with public pressure. While the first measure to amend the Constitution to provide for the election of senators by popular vote was introduced in the House of Representatives in 1826, the idea failed to gain traction until the late 1850s when several state legislatures began to deadlock over the election of senators resulting in lengthy un-filled vacancies in the Senate. As Congress struggled to pass legislation dealing with momentous issues like slavery, states’ rights, and threats of state secession , the Senate vacancies became a critical issue. However, the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, along with the long post-war period of reconstruction, would further delay action on the popular election of senators. During reconstruction, the difficulties of passing legislation needed to reunite the still-ideologically divided nation were further complicated by Senate vacancies. A law passed by Congress in 1866 regulating how and when senators were chosen in each state helped, but deadlocks and delays in several state legislatures continued. In one extreme example, Delaware failed to send a senator to Congress for four years from 1899 to 1903. Constitutional amendments to elect senators by popular vote were introduced in House of Representatives during every session from 1893 to 1902. The Senate, however, fearing the change would diminish its political influence, rejected them all. Widespread public support for change came in 1892 when the newly-formed Populist Party made the direct election of senators a key part of its platform. With that, some states took the matter into their own hands. In 1907, Oregon became the first state to select its senators by direct election. Nebraska soon followed suit, and by 1911, more than 25 states were selecting their senators through direct popular elections. The States Force Congress to Act When the Senate continued to resist the growing public demand for the direct election of senators, several states invoked a rarely-used constitutional strategy. Under Article V of the Constitution, Congress is required to call a constitutional convention for the purpose of amending the Constitution whenever two-thirds of the states demand it to do so. As the number of states applying to invoke Article V neared the two-thirds mark, Congress decided to act. Debate and Ratification In 1911, one of the senators who had been popularly elected, Senator Joseph Bristow from Kansas, offered a resolution proposing the 17th Amendment. Despite significant opposition, the Senate narrowly approved Senator Bristow’s resolution, largely on the votes of senators who recently had been popularly elected. After long, often heated debate, the House finally passed the amendment and sent it to the states for ratification in the spring of 1912. On May 22, 1912, Massachusetts became the first state to ratify the 17th Amendment. Connecticuts approval on April 8, 1913, gave the 17th Amendment the required three-fourths majority. With 36 of 48 states having ratified the 17th Amendment, it was certified by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan on May 31, 1913, as part of the Constitution. In total, 41 states eventually ratified the 17th Amendment. The state of Utah rejected the amendment, while the states of Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia took no action on it. Effect of the 17th Amendment: Section 1 Section 1 of the 17th Amendment restates and amends the first paragraph of Article I, section 3 of the Constitution to provide for the direct popular election of U.S. senators by replacing the phrase â€Å"chosen by the Legislature thereof† with â€Å"elected by the people thereof.† Effect of the 17th Amendment: Section 2 Section 2 altered the way in which vacant Senate seats are to be filled. Under Article I, section 3, the seats of senators who left office before the end of their terms were to be replaced by the state legislatures. The 17th Amendment gives the state legislatures the right to allow the state’s governor to appoint a temporary replacement to serve until a special public election can be held. In practice, when a Senate seat becomes vacant near the national general election, the governors typically choose not to call a special election. Effect of the 17th Amendment: Section 3 Section 3 of the 17th Amendment simply clarified that the amendment did not apply to Senators chosen before it became a valid part of the Constitution. Text of the 17th Amendment Section 1.The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. Section 2.When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of each State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. Section 3.This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

The Developing Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

The Developing Manager - Assignment Example It is highly important for the managers in the hospitality industry to develop effective managerial and leadership strategies and skills in order to maintain effective workplace environment. However, frequent changes in the business environment make it important for the hospitality managers to develop potential skills in order to establish and maintain a bright career. Recently, several organizations within the global hospitality industry are trying to develop and implement workplace diversity strategy in business operation process in order to enhance strategy development and knowledge sharing process. Moreover, several leading domestic and multinational organizations are trying to make changes in goal development and strategy implementation process due to constant and critical changes in the global business environment. Therefore, it is highly essential for the managers to assess own management skill performance.   Communication skill is one of my major personal as well as managerial strengths that help me to meet the developed organizational goals. It is true that employees are the major assets of an organization. It is highly important for each and every manager in an organization to maintain an effective relationship between the employees and top-level management through transparent and cl.ear communication. I always try to listen to both personal and professional needs and wants of employees as it is an important job responsibility of the manager.

Historical and Theoretical Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Historical and Theoretical Studies - Essay Example Inevitably, within this changing cultural climate, design took on new guises and performed new roles. During the early postwar period, which was one of economic, social and cultural reconstruction in the industrialized world, design played a crucial, although usually silent, role. It became an important factor within two areas of postwar life; the first as part of the need to create a national identity for products on the international market and the second in the formation of mass culture - both of them highly significant aspects of the world history of the post-1945 period (Bonsiepe, 1965). Within this economic rebirth the manufacture and trade of goods played a major role. The reasons for this resurgence were complex but the strongest stimulus, in addition to the numerous social and economic changes that occurred in these years, was the rapid development of technology. Many advances had been made during the Second World War, including the development of radar and work in aircraft production which, in Britain, was sustained into the 1950s. Perhaps the most significant development of the late 1940s, however, was that of the transistor which made possible the miniaturization of electronic equipment, including computers, which in turn were to play such a central role in the postwar period, both in the automation of production and in information retrieval (Stearn, 1968). As a result of the numerous social, economic and technological changes that... The lesson presented by the prewar USA example that 'design sells' was learnt and digested and became one of the major strategies in most countries' programmes of industrial reconstruction and within international trading in the postwar period (Rogers, 1946). Design in postwar Italy was quick to develop into a highly sophisticated marketing exercise. Because its products were aimed from the beginning at a small, wealthy, international market, Italy was able to focus on quality and aesthetic innovation as the two defining characteristics of its consumer goods. This inevitably placed a strong emphasis on the role of the designers, giving them the sole responsibility of finding the right visual formula for the product. For the most part, disillusioned with prewar Rationalism because of its associations with fascism, they took their cue from contemporary fine art incorporating into many of their designs sensuous curves directly inspired by the abstract, organic sculpture of artists like Henry Moore, Hans Arp, Alexander Calder and Max Bill (qq.v.). The Turinese furniture designer, Carlo Mollino (q.v.), took this expressive aesthetic to an extreme in what he called his 'streamline surreal' tables and chairs. As a result of this pioneering work Italy, in particular Milan, soon became a centre for debate and discussion about progressive attitudes towards design, and the postwar Triennales, three-yearly exhibitions of design which had been initiated in the 1920s (Huisman and Patrix, 1968). Mollino was the most idiosyncratic of the Italian postwar furniture designers. Based in Turin rather than Milan where most furniture designing went on, he developed a personal style

Your Job And Your Happiness Essay Example for Free

Your Job And Your Happiness Essay Happiness is commonly associated with pleasure and contentment. These are fairly subjective states of being, and their causes are equally subjective. However, when it comes to work or social life, employment clearly has the greater effect on happiness. Whether a job provides a social life, supports it, or interferes with it, it is tightly bound to happiness. For many people, work is their source of happiness in life. They follow their passions and don’t regard what they do as work. Their co-workers become their friend group, merging social life and work life into one. They often have jobs that make an impact on the world, and offer them contentment and self-fulfillment. These impassioned people see an outside social life as inconsequential, and they willingly and consciously give it up in favor of work they love. A job that regularly interferes with a normal social life creates an unbalanced life and lessens happiness. Hourly workers must often work overtime or on holidays, interfering with planned activities. Salaried workers frequently bring their work home with them, or they worry about their work responsibilities while at home. Others have to report to work at a moment’s notice any time of day or night. Some jobs require employees to work away from home for months or even years at a time. Conversely, an active social life rarely imposes on happiness gained from work. Positively or negatively, work has the greater influence on happiness. Passion-filled people draw happiness from their work. People whose jobs fund diverse life experiences receive happiness indirectly from their work. Those whose work encroaches on their personal lives also have their happiness impacted, albeit negatively. Work clearly has a more powerful connection to personal happiness than a social life does.

Global Positionning System Versus the Right To Privacy :: GPS Globarl Positioning System Papers

Global Positionning System Versus the Right To Privacy From the beginning of time, man has tried to find out where he was and where he was going. Locating places as well as himself has long been a quest. Mankind developed a number of early inventions to help with this search including the compass, the sextant, the map with longitude and latitude, charts, plans, graphs, telescopes, binoculars and numerous other tools to assist him. The most current, extensive, far-reaching and comprehensive of these is the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is a satellite navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites. The original designers and engineers had military use in mind. It was placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense, and it was originally intended to aid navigation, troop deployment and artillery fire. The official U.S. Department of Defense name for the GPS is the NAVSTAR system, which stands for Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging. This system cost the United States billions of dollars to develop and build, with the constant additional cost of maintenance. The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978, predating the introduction of the personal computer. The full constellation of 24 satellites was completed in 1994. Each satellite is built to last about 10 years, and replacements are constantly being built and launched into orbit. In the 1980's, by an executive order, the United States Government made the system available for civilian use, and there are no subscription fees or setup charge s. GPS works anywhere in the world, in any weather condition. A GPS satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds and is approximately 17 feet across with solar panel extended. The 24 GPS satellites orbit the earth about 12,000 miles above us. They make two complete orbits in less than 24 hours. Currently there are 21 active satellites with 3 operating spares. These satellites are traveling at speeds of approximately 7,000 miles per hour. The GPS satellites are powered by solar energy.

Convergence of US GAAP and IFRS Essay

The Norwalk Agreement refers to a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) which was signed in September of 2002 in Norwalk, Connecticut between the United States Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standard Boards (IASB) The MOU was an agreement between the two organization to, â€Å"use their best efforts to (a) make their existing financial reporting standards fully compatible as soon as is practicable and (b) to coordinate their future work programs to ensure that once achieved, compatibility is maintained.† The original agreement called for all differences between US GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) and IFRS (International Financial Reporting System to be eliminated by January 1, 2005, but problems quickly surfaced in this approach and according the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) currently has a timeline of 2016 for all US corporations to adopt the IFRS. Before discussing what the effect of these changes are on US Corporations, one must first understand the history of both the FASB/US GAAP and the IASB/IFRS. The Financial Accounting Standards Board was established by the SEC in 1973 to take over the role of establishing standards for financial accounting from the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)’s Accounting Principles Board (APB). The US GAAP are accounting rules used to prepare, present, and report financial statements for a wide variety of entities, including publicly-traded and privately-held companies, non-profit organizations, and governments. The US Government does not directly set accounting standards, instead believing that the private sector has a better ability to set these rules. The US GAAP is not formally written into law, but is instead codified into the FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The FASB has four major types of publications it uses to make changes to the US GAAP: 1. Statements of Financial Accounting Standards: the most authoritative US GAAP setting publications. 2. Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts: Part of the FASB’s conceptual framework project, these are fundamental objective and concepts that the FASB will use in developing future standards. They are not a part of the US GAAP, but instead represent future goals of the GAAP. 3. Interpretations: Interpretations modify or extend existing standards and are a part of the US GAAP. There are currently 48 interpretations available 4. Technical Bulletins: These are guidelines on applying standards, interpretations, and opinions. They usually solve a very specific accounting issue that does not have a significant, long-lasting effect. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is an independent, privately funded organization founded in London, England on April 1, 2001 with the stated objective to: â€Å"develop a single set of high quality, understandable, enforceable, and globally accepted financial reporting standards based upon clearly articulated principles.† To achieve these objectives the IASB has developed the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and aggressively promoting the use of these standards. As of today over 120 countries either require or permit the use of IFRSs and all members of the G20 have established time lines to adopt the IFRSs in the near future (including the United States.) The IFRSs consist of the standards, interpretations, and frameworks issued by the IASB, and include many of the standards formerly known as International Accounting Standards (IAS) which were issued by the now defunct International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) which existed from 1973 until 2001. The IFRSs are principle based standards (as opposed to the US GAAP which uses rules-based standards) that establish broad rules but generally leave specific treatments open to some interpretation. IFRSs consist of: 1. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) – All standards issued after the IASB was founded in 2001. 2. International Accounting Standards (IAS) – Standard issues by the IASC prior to 2001. 3. Interpretations from the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) – Interpretations issued after 2001. 4. Standing Interpretations Committee (SIC) – Interpretations issued before 2001. 5. Framework for the Preparations and Presentations of Financial Statements – A statement of the basic principles of the IFRSs. The framework serves as a guide to resolving accounting issues not specifically addressed in a standard. Having established the backgrounds of the major players to the Norwalk Agreement it is important to understand how this convergence project will affect US Corporations in their future financial reporting as the FASB / SEC begins their push towards full integration by the year 2016. As converged standards are introduced, many US Corporations will see major changes in all areas of their business activities ranging from financial statements to leasing to employee benefits and although covering all these changes is beyond the scope of this paper, we will present some of the more important changes. The largest major difference between the two regulations is in their scope, and level of â€Å"guidance† for companies in the area of revenue recognition. The US GAAP has developed detailed guidance for many different industries incorporating standards suggested by a multitude of accounting standards organizations in those specific industries. The IFRS, on the other hand, mentions two standards for revenue recognition for guidance and allows companies to determine which method they will use. Another major change for US Companies is in the area of inventory costing. Under US GAAP, companies may choose between using LIFO (Last-In-First-Out), FIFO (First-In-First-Out), or a variety of other inventory valuation methods, in accounting for cost of goods held in inventory. Once the switch is made to IFRS, the use of LIFO for inventory valuation will be prohibited so that all companies will be similar cost formulas. Several additional changes include: 1. The option to classify expenses based on either function or nature under IFRS vs. the requirement to classify expenses based on function only under US GAAP. 2. The requirement to present noncontrolling (â€Å"minority†) interest as a component of equity on the balance sheet under IFRS vs. the requirement under US GAAP to present noncontrolling interest outside of equity. 3. The ability to use either the proportionate consolidation method or the equity method of accounting for joint venture accounting under IFRS vs. the current requirement to use the equity method of accounting 4. IFRS will allow revaluation of assets for several different classes of assets, even requiring their revaluation on a regular basis whereas currently US GAAP does not permit revaluation under any circumstance. 5. Under IFRS, advertising and promotional cost will have to be expensed as incurred vs. the US GAAP which allows for costs to either be expensed as they are incurred, or expense when the advertising takes place for the first time, leaving the choice up to the individual company. While these changes are just a few of the changes which will impact company’s’ financial statements there are many changes coming which fall in areas outside financial statements. Nowhere is this clearer than in the area of US regulatory laws. As an article in the Wall Street Journal, â€Å"Closing the Information GAAP,† notes that, â€Å"If an accounting and reporting framework that relies on professional judgment rather than detailed rules is to flourish in the U.S., the legal and regulatory environment will need to evolve in ways that remain to be seen.† They suggest that laws in the US will have to move to accept more ambiguity in accounting, and that the change to IFRS could possibly provide new defenses to executives and accountants who try to do the right thing. A final change noted by both the PriceWaterhouseCoopers and Accenture case studies, is the updating, sometimes at a very high cost, of companies Accounting Information Systems to be able to collect, store, and analysis financial data in ways that will comply with the new IFRS standards. These two studies both believe that this activity will be the most painful and difficult for the majority of US companies to comply with. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. FASB. â€Å"FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board.† Norwalk Agreement. Accessed June 29, 2010. . [ 2 ]. SEC. â€Å"SEC Proposes Roadmap Toward Global Accounting Standards to Help Investors Compare Financial Information More Easily.† Accessed June 29, 2010. < http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-184.htm> [ 3 ]. FASB. â€Å"FASB: Facts about FASB.† Accessed July 03, 2010. [ 4 ]. IFRS Foundation. â€Å"Who we are and what we do.† Published July 2010 [ 5 ]. IASB. â€Å"About the IFRS Foundation and the IASB.† Accessed July 02 2010. [ 6 ]. IAS Plus. â€Å"Summaries of International Financial Reporting Standards.† Accessed July 03 2010. [ 7 ]. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. â€Å"IFRS and US GAAP similarities and differences.† September 2009. From the â€Å"IFRS Readiness Series.† [ 8 ]. Accenture. â€Å"Preparing for International Financial Reporting Standards: An Opportunity for Finance Transformation.† [ 9 ]. Ernst & Young. â€Å"US GAAP vs. IFRS: The Basics.† January 2009. [ 10 ]. The Wall Street Journal. â€Å"Closing the Information GAAP.† Accessed July 20 2010.

Brigham and Houston Essay

1. Whenever we are interested in buying a bond from the bond market, the bond’s issuer promises to pay back the principal (or par value) when the bond matures (Brigham and Houston, 2001). During this time, the issuer is obliged to pay interest in order to compensate the use of money. The interest payment is made on coupon rate which is fixed. There is an inverse relationship between the coupon rate and the bond prices, when: †¢ Interest rate increase, leads to rise in income, whereas the price of the bond declines. †¢ Interest rate decrease, leads to decline in income, whereas the price of the bond rises. Also we need to consider that the coupon rate is inversely related to duration because higher coupon rates lead to quicker recovery of the bond’s value, resulting in a shorter duration, relative to lower coupon rates. If coupon rate is greater than the market rate then it is favourable for issuer and if coupon rate is less than the market rate then it is favourable for purchaser (Brigham and Houston, 2001). The reason behind the variations in the coupon rates of various bonds is the market interest rate; company’s performance, time length, and credit worthiness of the issuer. So, all these factors have an implication on the bond yields. 2. Ratings of these bonds are determined on the basis of both qualitative and quantitative factors some of which are listed below: †¢ If a company uses conservative accounting policies, its reported earnings will be higher than if it uses less conservative procedures. †¢ Various ratios including the debt ratio and the Times Interest Earned (TIE) ratio also have some implications on these bond ratings. †¢ If company explores any new sites containing oil, gas, coal fields etc. †¢ Increase in the company’s sales & net profit increase both domestically and internationally also uplift the bond ratings and it showed that debt holder show the confidence on the company’s policy. Bond ratings might take a downward leap when: †¢ There is a signal of bankruptcy, internal mismanagement and financial distress in the firm (Helfert, 2001). †¢ When the company does not abide by the law, i. e. it breaches the laws, this may be related to environment, etc. †¢ When the product life cycle is going downwards and company can’t add more products in their product line. †¢ Negative bond covenants also hits the bond ratings of the company. †¢ Labour unrest or strikes may cause instability in the bonds ratings. †¢ Economic recession in the country. 3. We know that whenever the interest rate rises, bond prices tend to fall, and when rates fall, bond prices tend to rise (Helfert, 2001). This primarily occurs due to the economic condition of the country and also because of the market sentiments. If the price of the bond goes down it is less attractive (pays less interest) in comparison with current offerings and when the price of the bond goes up it is more attractive (pays more interest) in comparison with current offerings. This may also be described as when the coupon rate is greater than market rate then it is favourable for issuer and if coupon rate is lesser than market rate then it is favourable for the purchaser. Some bonds are sold below par value, which means (at discount) or greater than par value, which means (at premium). This mainly occurs due to the risk perceived for the debt of that particular organization. Market interest rate fluctuations usually effect the performance of the bonds in the secondary markets. Federal bank monetary and fiscal policy, inflation rate, recession in the economy, etc are the factors that may force organizations to sell the bonds at discount or at premium. One must also consider that sale of bonds on discount or at premium also has some impact on the yield and also the maturity of the bond, the shorter a bond’s maturity, the less its duration. Bonds with higher yields also have lower durations. Also the company’s performance reflects in bond valuations, i. e. its bond ratings, bond covenants and credit worthiness etc (Helfert, 2001). 4. The yield to maturity (YTM) is a reflection of the return on investment, that is earned at the current price, incase the bond is held by the issuer to its date of maturity and redeemed at par value. In other words, YTM is the discount rate that equates the present value of future inflows from the bond equal to its present price.

Ethics and Leadership in the Medical Device Industry †Ethics Essay

Ethics and Leadership in the Medical Device Industry – Ethics Essay Free Online Research Papers Ethics and Leadership in the Medical Device Industry Introduction Ethics Essay Medical research is necessary to develop and discover innovative therapies and cures. Ideas quickly move from basic science studies in the lab into experiments with animals and finally to trials with humans. Government policies along with internal institutional processes have been developed to ensure the ethical, responsible conduct of research. These policies were created to ensure that human subjects were shielded from unnecessary risk. In recent years, ethical questions have emerged in these areas. A governing principle is that research must be performed without any financial conflict of interest. Is it possible to exclude money from the research field? Is there a correlation between physicians and research companies and where in this field is there a role for vendors promoting products? Should doctors be banned from accepting any forms of payment from medical research companies? The objective of this literature review is to present an overview of literature related to the relationships of physicians, medical research companies and the United States government. After reading this review, the reader may wonder if physicians and leaders in the medical device industry are compromising the health of the public and if so, at what cost? Discussion of Literature Sanders, Kleim, Sklar (1996) state that the goal of medical research is to serve the public through improvements in diagnosis and treatment and to protect the public from unnecessary risk. The health of patients should not be compromised by the profit of companies. Charles Epps (2003) adds that the medical research community, which includes experts in science and technology, physicians and health workers and public policy makers, must strive to find a balance between patient safety and innovation. Daniel Rosenberg (2005) tells of the desire to make a profit cannot surpass the needs of the humans the products were made to enhance. In many companies quandaries about questionable situations now can be taken to ethics officers. Edward Lim (1999) argues in the defense of Ethics programs that came into vogue in the 1980’s. These programs were in response to well-publicized procurement fraud in the defense industry. In 1991, The United States established federal sentencing guidelines for organizations involved in the medical research industry. Charles Epps (2003) discusses the measures put in place by the government to punish those companies whose employees were engaged in wrongdoing. An organization can be fined up to $290 million and individuals can be imprisoned for their actions. John Lenzer (2004) states in his findings that company executives can also be charged if they were aware of fraud or negligent acts. On the other hand, fines can be reduced up to sixty percent if the company instituted an effective ethics program prior to the offense. Martha Lagace and Glenn Reicin (2003) point out the enormous difference between having a written code of ethics and running a fully functional ethics and compliance program in an organization. The federal guidelines have an expectation that every organization have a serious, ethics and compliance program. Advamed (2001) affirms that an ethics program should have these three parts. An ethics officer who has authority, a written code of conduct and an employee training program. In a further study of the Advamed program, Daniel Rosenberg (2005) states that nearly one-third of businesses in the United States operate ethics and compliance programs that meet these requirements, including medical device manufacturers Zimmer, DePuy, Biomet and Medtronic. There are many areas a solid ethics program must cover. These include: acts of dishonesty, sexual harassment, discrimination, and environmental policies. Businesses may want to seek guidance in developing an effective program from the Ethics Officer Association in Belmont, MA. The biggest growth in developing ethics and compliance programs is in the health-care sector, says Amanda Mujica, director of communications for the organization. â€Å"Good ethics is good business,† says Blair Childs, executive vice president of AdvaMed (2005). To further quote Mr. Childs, â€Å"It is not only good business for industry in terms of how it is viewed by the public, but also because it is the way responsible companies behave and want to behave.† Arthur Ciarkowski (2002) argues that ethics programs are increasingly values-based rather than simply adhering to the letter of the law. â€Å"Ethics officers teach employees not only whats legal, but whats right. Most of us know the difference between wrong and right, but some situations arent quite so clear-cut. For example, if an engineer is visiting a client who offers to let him inspect the design of a competitors device, is it ethical for the engineer to do so? In a study preformed by Aronoff and Associates (2002) Creating and implementing an ethics program can be costly. It can range from about $250,000 to over $1 million depending on the number of employees who will be trained. Can a business really afford not to have a program in place? Compare running a business to owning a house. An individual wouldnt, or at least shouldnt, own a house without having fire insurance. â€Å"A mature ethics and compliance program is your insurance in case one of your employees or leaders should spark trouble. Ethical decisions of leaders and physicians: I think most companies, as they think through their codes of conduct, have to make sure that marketing and research development departments are not providing direct sales inducements. Arthur Sanders, Samuel Keim and David Sklar, (1996) presented the following (true) cases during a symposium to the Biomedical Industry. Do these sound like examples of medical research or kickbacks? In case one, a doctor performs an orthopedic implant. The implant manufacturer asks the doctor to fill out a questionnaire six months later in order to monitor how the patient is doing. The manufacturer says it wants to learn about implant performance and patient mobility. In return, the doctor will get a check in the mail for $1,000. The amount of time necessary to fill out the questionnaire was fifteen minutes. In case two, a doctor gets paid more than $1 million annually to supervise other physicians on how to perform minimally invasive hip surgery. The surgery he proctors only uses one company’s implants. In case three, an orthopedics medical practice wants to expand in order to conduct research. It wants to hire a researcher so it establishes a non-profit foundation to fund a research fellowship. A medical devices company sponsors the fellowship; the researcher uses only the products supplied by one medical device company. Stacy Bell (1998) notes that medical device companies offer cash, vacation and incentive-driven surgeries to entice physicians to use their products exclusively. When a physician or group of physicians are loyal to one brand, the company can feel confident that this will lead to an increase in sales from that individual doctor over time. Financial Rewards Daniel Rosenberg (2005) discusses a shifting of funds from the pharmacy sector to medical devices is evident. Just a few years ago, there was a trillion dollars in market capitalization in the domestic pharmacy sector and only $300 million or so in the medical device sector. More recently, however, investors have been concluding that the drug business is riskier than the franchise model of medical devices because drug patents eventually expire. In comparison, medical devices have very quick product cycles, generally twelve to eighteen months, but device companies develop lasting relationships with their customers and create sustainable franchises that allow growth within an existing customer base. During a panel forum at the Medical Leadership Forum, (2002) A discussion revolved around the great advances in medical technology. The most promising advances include drug-eluting stents for heart care, minimally invasive hip replacement and, for chronic and degenerative back problems, artificial carbon fiber disks will soon be ‘Food and Drug Administration† (FDA) approved, but the relative returns of medical devices still show room for marginal improvement. During the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons meeting (2004) Theâ€Å"only† message from many leaders of device companies is that medical devices are expected to continue to show improving financial returns. The company leaders never mentioned the dramatic effect an implant may have of a life, the message delivered was detailed, but only with expected profits. John Lenzer (2004) questions the percentage of profits that are set aside for every new implant that is brought to market, for law suits. Raymond Holgram (2002) comments that with Daniel Troy, chief counsel to the US Food and Drug Administration, being under fire for inviting device companies to inform him of lawsuits against them so the FDA could help, is â€Å"An abuse of power and lack of ethical leadership from our government, can only raise questions of the influence the device industry has within government†. When a device company is ready to submit a device for review, the process is called a 510k submission, these guidelines are set forth by the American Society Testing and Materials (2001) The FDA accepts all the implant device submissions in the order of submission and a delay of a few weeks can mean a loss of millions in sales. The first rendition of an implant that meets minimum FDA requirements is submitted as soon as possible for approval. Human trials are a part of each submission. While the data is examined by the FDA, the submitting company continues to make changes on the submitted product. These changes are allowed as long as they again, meet the minimum requirements. Is it ethical for companies to change a product they implanted in trials and not notify the patient? If minimum guidelines were met and because all implant devices carry the tag of â€Å"experimental† patients are not automatically notified of implant failures. The decision to submit a product for approval is purely profit driven and made by the company leaders. The Major customer of the Device Manufactures: Martha Lagace Glenn Reicin, (2003) discuss the medical device industry, where the customer is not the patient. In fact, the patient often has no idea and no choice of the manufacturer of the device their physician uses or the costs associated. The customers for the device companies are the hospital administrator, doctor, and/or nurse. Medical devices vary from inexpensive to costly, but there are questionable ethical dilemmas associated with both. At the low end, there are needles and syringes, known in the business as â€Å"sharps†. This is a $2.25 billion market with extremely low share volatility. The average selling price of a device (sharp) is twenty to forty cents. The customer is the hospital administrator. The secondary customer is the nurse. If some training is necessary to learn how to use the product, the device companies pay for the hospital training program. The products are stocked in hospital inventory, so there is no need for the sales representative to be present when the product is used, in contrast to orthopedic implants. Lagace Reicin, (2003) continue this discussion stating that one of the most expensive items is the orthopedic implant. They account for over $11 billion in sales, but less than six percent of this amount is spent on research and development. The customer is the orthopedic surgeon; the secondary customer is the surgical team. Hospitals do not keep inventory of orthopedic implants, since there is a left and a right of every product. The sales representative who essentially â€Å"lends† them to the hospital usually owns the instruments used to put in an implant. A companys sales support is involved in every implantation. Since the sales representative and the orthopedic surgeon must be in communication about the products, are all conversations limited to the medical needs of the patient? Industry Leadership In describing transformational leadership, Steven Covey (1990) uses words such as developer, mentor, value clarifier, and exemplar. These leaders cultivate collaborative relationships based on mutual interests (win-win). Because Covey believes transformational leadership builds on the human need for meaning, he also uses words like purpose, values, love, morals, ethics, mission, and principles to further clarify this type of leadership. Finally, Covey says that becoming a transformational leader requires vision, initiative, patience, respect, persistence, courage, and faith. Traits needed to guide the medical device industry. Keshavan Nair (1994) points out that there is a need for moral leaders in all areas of the culture; there is a widely held view that leaders, especially those in business and politics, have lost their moral purpose and sense of idealism. Wilhelm Roepke (1995) makes the case that the most pressing need in society today is the need for moral leadership. Paul King (1997) adds that although many hope for moral leadership, unfortunately, there are too many examples of leaders who appear to pursue objectives that are not moral. Conclusion During the past decade, there has been a gradual erosion of the ethical principles that guide relationships between physicians and industry leaders. Two areas in which the decline has been most notable are gifts to physicians and the relationships of industry to educational and research activities. The gifts have become more valuable and industry representatives make gifts available under circumstances where frequently there is no educational program. Research support continues at a high level but researchers increasingly find themselves in positions that present conflicts of interest with the interests of patients who are research subjects. These changes have taken place during an era in which professionalism also has declined and physicians are losing control of their practices to government and to the corporate sector. Physicians and industry suggest a solution to this dilemma through strict adherence to the existing ethical principles. Physicians must renew observance of professionalism and improve oversight and discipline. Medicine cannot impose restrictions on the implant manufacturing industries but can appeal to industrys leadership. Industry leaders must also govern marketing and sales representatives of industry. There must be an ethical common ground if a new physician and industry relationship is to succeed in producing a climate of mutual respect and higher ethics; patients will benefit and physicians and industry will regain the public trust. In response to ethics violations, policy makers and politicians have crafted new laws and regulations. While some changes in regulations are appropriate and necessary, they do not address the core issues. It is impossible to legislate integrity, stewardship, and sound governance. New laws and regulations, alone will not correct the multiplicity of problems. Somewhere along the way have companies lost sight of the importance of selecting ethical leaders that create healthy corporations for the long-term? Were the lessons of building great companies like Medtronic, Zimmer, Johnson Johnson, and PG lost in the rush for raising stock prices short-term? Were those fortunate enough to lead great companies only the stewards of inherited legacies from past leaders? If companies continue to use an aggressive sales force to market their product, without paying attention to the ethical consequences, ethical problems will continue to rise to the surface. Should the sales force of the medical implants industry be held to a higher standard than a sales force of other industries? Are the sales force marketing a product or marketing something that could profusely affect humans? The lessons are evident. If we select people principally for their charisma and their ability to drive up their short-term stock price instead of their character, and shower them with inordinate rewards, why should we be surprised when they turn out to lack integrity? An ethical and moral person leads by example and by voicing opinions. It means not being afraid to take a stand on questions of ethics or morality, on questions of behavior, or questions of decency. Bibliography AdvaMed (2001). Code of Ethics in the device industry. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Forum (2004). Physician Review of the most Promising Products for 2005. Aronoff Associates (2002). Biomaterial supply for permanent medical implants. 16, 124-140. American Society for Testing and Materials. (2001). committee F-04 Standards and Guidelines for 510k submission. Bell, Stacy (1998). Higher Profit Margins, Do Ethics Programs Pay? Medical Device Diagnostic Industry Magazine. 5, 177-186. Benkeser, Paul. (2005). Challenges and Opportunities in Ethics in Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Today, 27, 1-8 Brennan, MG. and M.A. Tooley. (2000). Ethics and the Biomedical Engineer Engineering Science Journal. 9, 5-7. Briskin, A. (1996). The stirring of the soul in the workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Caudron, Shari. (2002). Where have all the Leaders Gone? Workforce Management. Covey, S.R. (1990). Principle–Centered Leadership. New York: Simon Schuster. Ciarkowski, Arthur, PhD. (2002). What Information Can/Should the Federal Government Provide? Industry News, 42, 7-12. Epps, Charles, MD. (2003). Ethical Guidelines for Orthopaedists and Industry. Clinical Orthopaedics Journal. 217, 33-37. Food and Drug Administration (2002). Guidelines for 510k submission. Gaudiani, C.L. (1997). Catalyzing community. Educational Record, 78 (3-4), 81-86. Holgram, Raymond. (2002). Is the FDA for Sale? Harvard Business Journal. King, P.M. (1997). Character and civic education: What does it take? Educational Record, 78 (3-4), 87-93 Lagace, Martha Reicin, Glenn. (2003). Ethics and Medical Devices. Harvard Business School. Lenzer, J. (2004) FDA accused of being to close to the device industry. Biomechanics Journal. 417, 22-25 Lim, Edward, MD. (1999). The Orthopedic Surgeon and the Manufacturing Industry Relationship. Clinical Orthopedics Journal. 301, 4-10 Lussier, Robert N., and Achua, Christopher F. (2004) Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 2nd edition (2004). Cincinnati, Ohio. Southwestern College Publishing. P 130 Farahmand, Robert. (2004). Good ethics is good business. Medical Device Link, 8, 17-19. Medical Leadership Forum (2002). Stanford University. Nair, K. (1994). A higher standard of leadership. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Ropke, W.J. (1995). Morality as a yardstick of educational leadership. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 50(2), 71-76 Rosenberg, Daniel (2005). As Investments, Medical Devices Pose Challenges. Harvard Business Review. Sanders, Arthur B., MD, Keim Samuel M., MD, Sklar David, MD. (1996). Gifts to Physicians from the Biomedical Industry. Orthopaedic Medical Journal. 279, 9-12 Research Papers on Ethics and Leadership in the Medical Device Industry - Ethics EssayArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Genetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

What to Do With Your Hands During a Job Interview

What to Do With Your Hands During a Job Interview There are ways to appear (and feel) more confident using body language. But not much attention is paid to what we’re supposed to be doing with our hands. Here are some subtle secrets about  what to do with your hands during a job interview. Use Them to Show ConfidenceRather than crossing your arms across your chest- a gesture of insecurity or defensiveness, try folding your hands, one on top of the other, or simply resting them on the arm of your chair. You’ll appear more open, more in control, and more confident. And remember: open fingers are always better than curled fists.Try to Remain CalmFidgeting is bad. Moving around excessively trying to get comfortable will just prove to your interviewer that you aren’t- and it’s probably not the chair’s fault. On the other hand, not moving at all can make you look rigid or unnatural. Think of it like blinking and come up with a balance of natural movement. You’ll come off like a normal human bein g, which is good- especially when you’re nervous.Use Them to CommunicateIf your palms are open and facing up, this conveys a certain honesty, or willingness. You’re listening, inviting trust. Downward facing palms can convey dominance and firmness, which are much better for salary negotiations than interviews. Also remember to keep your shoulders relaxed. If they’re all the way up at your ears with anxiety, your interviewer will take notice.Beware of Cultural DifferencesAll of this applies mostly to the Western business world. Don’t forget that different body signals can convey totally different things around the globe. Make sure to do a bit of research to rejigger your expectations before an interview. Be sensitive. A thumbs-up in America is great, but do it in an Asian country and you’ll probably offend someone without realizing what you’ve done.Practice Gesture ControlYou may talk with your hands, but you should try and restrict this beha vior in the interview. Keep it to a minimum and focus instead on wielding your words with care and concision, lest you distract your interviewer with your arms flapping around. No matter how hilarious you know you are.

Primate Observation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Primate Observation - Research Paper Example The unjust treatments subjected to the non-human primate species denies present and future humanity the chance to study and understand the closest relatives of the human species. Evidently, the study of the non-human primates such as gorillas, apes and chimpanzees offer insightful learning opportunities pertaining to their physical and social characteristics as well as relationship with human behaviour. To this end, the subsequent sections will delve into the primate description of two major non-human species. These are the gorillas and chimpanzees. The description will examine their social and mating structures, food acquisition strategies and intelligent levels. Furthermore, the literature herein will offer comparative analysis between the gorillas and chimpanzees as well examine their regional distribution. The final section will delve into the relationship between the two non-primates and the understanding of human behaviour. Primate Descriptions a) Gorillas The gorilla primates are evidently the largest cohort of the primate family. They also exhibit the closest relation with humans as 98% of their DNA is in conformity to man’s DNA (Jurmain, 157). Gorillas are mostly land dwelling animals since they do not climb trees. The gorillas are classified into two different species with four sub-species that are determined based on their physical characteristics and their geographic location. The first species is Gorilla gorilla with sub-species of G. g. gorilla, from western lowland and G. g. diehli from cross river (Taylor, 100). The second species is Gorilla beringei with sub-species of G. b. Graueri also known as eastern lowland and G. b. beringei also known as mountain gorilla (Taylor, 100). To this end, the subspecies vary in their habitats with distinct physical characteristics and different numbers of populations. In this regard, the Western gorilla and Eastern gorilla species are classified based on their geographic location within their African hab itat. The Eastern Gorilla has two subspecies known as the Eastern lowland gorilla and Mountain gorilla. The Eastern lowland gorilla is located in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Jurmain, 159). Their population is classified as endangered with less than 3000. Their physical characteristics place them as the largest among the gorilla species. They also have shorter hair and teeth compared to the mountain gorillas as well as possessing the longest arms. On the other hand, the mountain gorilla is classified as critically endangered as their population currently stands at less than 720. Their physical characteristics are consistent with angular nostrils, a wide face and a large skull. Moreover, it has longer hair and larger body compared to the eastern lowland gorilla (Taylor, 102). The two sub-species of the Western Gorilla are Western Lowland Gorilla and Cross River Gorilla. The Western lowland gorilla is also classified as critically endangered with a population of less than 100,000 (Taylor, 105). Its species is located in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Furthermore, its physical characteristics entail a silver-back colouring on the males which also covers the thighs. The hair on their heads is also redder. On the other hand, the Cross River Gorilla has a population of approximately 300 and labelled as critically e