Maintaining Race and Ethnic Identity Essay

The world we are living is very dynamic and exhibits various types of movements for both plants and animals including humans. History insinuates that man practiced considerable movements from one place to another since its first existence. This movement from one locality to another is referred to as migration. Migration can be 1) internal which is within the country, state or continent and maybe 2) international which crosses boundaries to other country, state or continent. With the development of technology and globalization, international migration continues to increase over the past decades. In 1960, there were 76 million international migrants and increased to 191 million international migrants in 2006. It was noted that a relatively high migration rate is from 1985 to 1990. Generally, ethnic identity diversifies according to the length of distance and therefore international migration increases the gap of connectivity in relation to ethnicity. Human migration can be classified as permanent or semi-permanent depending on their reasons which maybe voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary migration is generally practiced in search for a â€Å"greener pasture† and satisfaction of one’s preferences. This includes employment, climate, food supply, self development like education, religion and family. Involuntary migration, on the other hand, includes migration due to calamity, political conditions like when in war or in exile, slave trades or human trafficking and ethnic cleansing. (Boyd, 2003) Refugees can eventually be immigrants. Based from Human Migration Guide of the National Geographic Society, â€Å"A refugee is a person who is residing outside the country of his or her origin due to fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. † (â€Å"What is Human Migration? † 2005) . This involuntary migration results to a hefty impact on self identity rather than voluntary migration. Human migration has taken a major participation in shaping and honing the present status of the population. It allows the diffusion and combination of the structures, cultures, beliefs, ideas, principles, religion, and other traits which results to the modification of each others traits. Rejection of the integration, however, sometimes results to conflict that may cause decline of socio-cultural capital and values. Although immigrants tend to maintain their ethnic identity and cultures at home, the children of the second, third generation is common or comparable with generations of the host country. This means that these generations are highly acculturated to the host community and country. Intentional or not intentional, this is in response to their quest for belongingness. On the other hand, some immigrants give high regard to their culture which is linked to nationalism. Some may even believe that there is no other culture than theirs and fail to recognize cultures of other immigrants within the community. Some host countries like Western European nations and Japan are deeply concern about the effect of these immigrants on their culture and ethnic identity which can be compromised. Oftentimes, conflict such as racial discrimination exist and become the subject of debates. Different countries have their own policies regarding immigration. Other countries begin to recognize immigrants with different race and cultures. They are respected in preserving their respective cultures and interact peacefully within one nation. This official policy is known as multiculturalism and can be seen in Canada, Australia and the U. K. It is also called as the cultural mosaic of different ethnic groups. Nevertheless, immigrant groups are still encouraged to learn the language of the host country and participate in the activities of the major society including labor force. However, this policy gained many criticisms such as it divides the people even there is a need to be united on certain social issues and justices. Debates on immigration law and racism are still on-going issues of every host country.

Nature and Causes of Police Corruption Essay

Chapter-One 1.1. Introduction and background of the study Police corruption is a form of police misconduct in which law enforcement officers seek personal gain, such as money or career advancement, through the abuse of power, for example by accepting bribes in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. Police officers in Bangladesh, almost without exception, are corrupt and will do just as much to earn some money as any other poor Bengali. Remember that many police officers choose this job, because it puts them in a position where they can squeeze some money out of their fellow countrymen. Although studied and researched, the topic of police corruption, in large part, remains a mystery. Sir Robert Peel was credited with the concept that the police depend on citizen cooperation in providing services in a democratic society. As such, the detrimental aspects of police misconduct cannot be overstated. In terms of public trust for law enforcement, recent polls show that only 56 percent of people rated the police as having a high or very high ethical standard as compared with 84 percent for nurses. Over the past few decades, great strides have occurred in the law enforcement profession. To begin with, many police agencies have avoided hiring candidates who have low ethical standards and have identified those onboard employees early in their careers who might compromise the department’s integrity. In addition, research has discovered new methods of testing candidates for their psychological propensity to act ethically. However, unethical conduct by the nation’s police officers continues to occur in departments large and small. Research into police corruption offers some understanding of the phenomenon in the hope of rooting out this behavior that serves to undermine the overall legitimacy of law enforcement. Theories on the role of society in law enforcement, the negative influence of an officer’s department, and a person’s own natural tendency to engage in unethical behavior have been offered as explanations of police corruption. In Bangladesh most of the people is peace loving but they can’t live in peace because of corruption in every major department here. People are facing so many troubles in their everyday life by police corruption when they go to them or they are arrested  by police. Police are using several ways to corrupt people. People are also identifying the causes and reacting as they influenced by the police personnel. It is called that police of our country is one of the most corrupted department of our government. In this research paper the present corruption nature of our police and how people react about them, the causes of police corruption are mainly observed. Any discussion on police will be incomplete without a word about the origin and development of this institution. Originally, the word ‘police’ was used in a wider sense to connote the management of internal economy and the enforcement of governmental regulation in a particular country. With the passage of time, the term ‘police’ began to use in a much narrower sense to connote an agency of the State to maintain law and order and enforce the regulation of the code of Criminal Procedure. In the present context of Bangladesh, the term ‘police’ connotes a body of civil servants whose primary duties preservation of order, prevention and detention of crimes and enforcement of law. As pointed out by Ernest Fround, police functions generally relate to promoting public welfare by restraining and regulating the use of property and liberty of persons. Police force has been in existence in this country in one form or another from the very ancient time. The Mughal rulers in India also had a well organized police force for maintaining law and order in society. The police system during the Mughal period undoubtedly suited to the needs of a simple homogenous agricultural community, but it could not withstand the strains of political disorder and, therefore, with the decline of Mughal Empire, the system of police administration also collapsed. The British Government in India retained the system of policing prevailing in each province with modification. According to the regulation of 1816, village headmen were made ex officio heads of police also. They apprehend offender and forwarded them to District authorities. The Police Commission of 1860 recommended continuance of the prevailing system of rural policing with minor changes. The Police Act 1861, was enacted to † reorganize the police and to make it more effective instrument for the prevention and  detention of crime† as laid down in the preamble of the Act. The Government of Lord Curzon appointed another Commission called the Police Commission of 1902 to suggest measures for reform in police working. Surprisingly, the Commission instead of suggesting any measures for reform in the existing rural police highly commended the prevailing set-up. Though our country is now independent, it conveys the rules of Police Act 1861. 1.2. Statement of the problem of the study In Bangladesh illegal police surveillance has greatly shaped the police image and use of excessive force, rape and killing custody and other questionable practices raised serious questions about the legitimacy of the police. In our country, a police officer makes a prayer for ‘remand’ stating that the accused is involved in a cognizable offence and for the purpose of interrogation ‘remand’ is necessary. In sub section(2) of section 167 though it is not mentioned that ‘remand’ can be allowed for the purpose of interrogation, at present, the practice is that an accused is taken on ‘remand’ only for the purpose of interrogation or for extorting information from the accused through interrogation. There is no proper guideline as to when such prayer should be accepted and when rejected by the magistrate and this legal lacuna gives both the police officers and magistrates power to abuse the same. Police officers being motivated or dictated by the executive organ or out of their personal conflict or aggrandizement seek unreasonable remand under section 167 of the Code. Thus police get the easy opportunity for torturing people through remand. Article 35(4) of the constitution states that no person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. So the provisions of the Cr. P.C. under section 167 are in direct contrast with the provisions of the constitution. This Cr. P.C. was passed by the British government back in 1898 when there is no fundamental rights as we have now in our constitution. The Indian National Police Commission of 1977 which made meaningful effort to reform the police system had the following to say on the control element â€Å"The crux of police reform in our country today is to secure professional independence for the police to function truly and efficiently as an  impartial agent of the law of the land and at the same time to enable the government to oversee police performance to ensure its conformity to law. But Bangladesh does not take any effort to reform her police department. The major problem for the police in our country is the lack of public confidence in police activities. It has been argued that public confidence in police is integral to social order, economic development and sound economic processes. Citizens view the quality of police service as an indicator of the quality of the government. Police who are untrustworthy create fear and anxiety. 1.3. Objectives of the study This research is mainly built for academic purpose. Its aim is to see what the perception of people about police corruption is. How they react to it and what reasons they identified for police corruption in Bangladesh. Specifically, the objectives of this research are as below: I. To see the nature of contemporary police corruption in Bangladesh. II. To find out the causes of police corruption. III. To see the patterns of police corruption. 1.4. Importance of the study Recently most police research was carried out by academics in a variety of disciplines, including Sociology, Law, Psychology and Economics. Criminology and Police Science (CPS) is a new and unique concept in Bangladesh. It is very important to conduct an academic research on the nature and causes of police corruption from this department. The study of the nature and causes of police corruption in Bangladesh is important for the following reasons: Firstly: the police are a citizen’s first link with the criminal justice. Find out the nature of police corruption is very much important to know about current police corruption. Secondly: it is very important for taking stapes to remove police corruption of Bangladesh. Thirdly: it is very  important for increasing public awareness about police activities and also for becoming responsible of police about their activities. Fourthly: it will help the government to take the necessary measures for preventing police corruption in Bangladesh. Research questions of the study I. What is the nature of contemporary police corruption? II. What are the causes of police corruption? III. What should we do to reduce Police corruption? Chapter-Two 2.1. Review of the literature of the Study: Pitts, (1999); In a CSCE News Release from Uzbekistan, Pitts stated â€Å"No democratic state can ever justify what reliable reports tell us about continuing torture, extorted confessions, or the planting the false evidence. Even in circumstances where a genuine threat exists to the well being of the state, rule of law and due process norms must be followed in order to insure that human rights are protected.† Sutherland (1697); The term police refer primarily to agents of the state whose function is the maintenance of law and order and the enforcement of regular criminal code. It is clear from the definition that the police force is directly related to the state government. The nature and characteristics of police expresses the nature of the government. Hagan, John (1986); Police has directed at preserving and reproducing security and order by particular means. Kobler (1980) has dramatized how ominous the police use of force can be. This research begins by noting that the police are the representatives of governmental authority who in the ordinary course of events legally are permitted to use force against citizens. It may be  evaluated differently by people with varying social interests, positions and values. Westly found in the course of his research that the police regard the public as their enemy, feeling that the demands of their occupation set them in conflict with the community. Police Regulation of Bengal (PRB); Regulation 33(a) of the Police Regulation of Bengal says, â€Å"No Police force can work successfully unless it wins the respects and good-will of the public and secures its cooperation. All ranks, therefore, while being firm in the execution of their duty, must show forbearance, civility and courtesy towards all classes†. Paranjape, N.V.,(2005); But it is unfortunate that in our society police is looked with fear, suspicion and distrust by the people. This public apathy towards the police demoralizes them to such an extent that policeman lose self-confidence and are hesitant firm step to violations of law because of apprehension of public criticism. Another potential cause which shatters public confidence on police is the increasing interference of politicians in the working of the police. The political pressure and compromises by the police officials are bound to make them corrupt, dishonest and inefficient. The police as a governmental organization has to serve two masters- one political head and the other departmental head. Politicians often consider police as their tool to meet their selfish ends and therefore oblige police personnel by rewarding them in various ways. The superior-subordinate relationship in police organization is guided by the principle, â€Å"lick the above and kick the below†. Such mentality is the characteristic of authoritarian superiors and their dominance over subordinates. Nurul Huda, former IGP, (2005); The reality, unfortunately, on ground is different from the legal process in Bangladesh. Before we venture to find out the causes of those behavioral aberrations that have a substantial bearing on the crime and order situation, we may list the deviations that are existing in our country: Misbehavior with complainants: There is a virtual absence of service orientation and many policemen fail to realize that the complainant at the police station is often an aggrieved person much like a patient who goes to the doctor, and any misbehavior with him would be construed as nothing short of demonic brutality. Other misbehavior: Verbal abuse and ill-treatment while on patrolling duty, harassment of innocent relatives during arrest, roughing up inmates during house search, ill-treatment of traffic violators, unnecessary pushing around during VIP protection and security arrangements cause a great deal of public discontent. Illegal detention: Several persons are rounded up supposedly as suspects and detained for longer period in the lock up. There are instances of innocent persons falling into the clutches of erratic policeman. Custodial violence: Perpetration of third degree torture on suspects in police custody is taken as a matter of routine by many policemen Excessive custodial violence has resulted into deaths. Crime and corruption done by police: There have been cases in which policemen associating themselves in crimes like rape, robbery, and extortion are on the rise. Although corruption is a malaise that has afflicted our society as a whole, corruption in police has an extremely deleterious implication for their overall image for two important reasons: one, being in uniform the corrupt policemen immediately catches public attention and two, since the complainant the police deal with is often a person with a grievance any corrupt demand imposed on him. Ram Ahuja (1996); People who fall in the clutches of the police generally complain of brutal behavior of the police towards them either at the time of arrest during interrogation or while in the police lock-up. Some of the common practices of policemen reportedly are: use of abusive language or degrading epithets, compelling suspect / accused / offenders to obey all orders, asking  embarrassing questions in the street, carrying out bodily searches on false pretexts and appropriating offenders money and belongings (wrist-watch etc.), repeated prodding with thick stick, holding out threats of violence if not obeyed and the actual use of physical force. The use of verbal abuse, insulting behavior, and physical violence on the part of the policemen arouses deep hostility against police. Many accused complain that they were interrogated by the police without sufficient evidence of accusation. Those who refuse to confess are often tortured or threatened to torture. A good number of accused persons in the courts that confessions from them were obtained not by the use of physical brutality but psychological cruelty like holding out a threat to criminally assault the accused person’s sister, or daughter, or wife, to arrest his old father or mother, to level additional charges of crimes against him and so forth. Lawrence Sherman (1974); Police corruption means accepting money or money’s worth for doing something that a policeman is under a duty to do or to exercise legitimate discretion for improper reason. Sherman has talked of three forms of police corruption: a) one form of corruption is that in which only a few isolated policeman accept bribes. b) the second form of corruption is that in which a large number of officers (lower and higher ranks) take bribes but they are not joined together to form networks of corruptions. c) the third form of police corruption is pervasive organized corruption. In this type, corruption is organized in a hierarchical authoritarian fashion. Many citizens are primarily frightened by crime, especially crime involving a sudden violent attack by a stranger. (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). People expect that police will save them from being victim of crime. But in our country many crime victims never call the police for various reasons such as: a) don’t believe that police can help them i.e., many believe that calling the police make no difference since police can neither capture the offender nor recover stolen property; b) cause too much inconvenience i.e. fear of harassment by the police; c) they are corrupt and would not help the victim without paying bribe to them. (Kashem, 2001). Vadackumchery, James (1997); There exists a feeling among the general public that the police does anything and many things with crime-doers for proving the guilt against them. The police can do so because they get the protection of law to do certain things they want to be done. For instance, if a policeman mishandles a crime doer in his custody, he can do so in complete isolation -away from the public visibility. The police have established a tradition. They were involving in informal arrests, illegal detention, torturing of suspects, concocting of evidence in criminal cases even before the Torture Commission was appointed in 1855. This long existed history created a tradition in which the people were conditioned to suffer and suffer eternally what the police did with crime-doers .Until recently and even today, people including the educated in society have been feeling that police can informally arrest people and detain them in their custody.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The press is also more vigilant in this matter than it was earlier. Kashem, (2004); In a series of studies Kashem (2000, 2001, 2002) reports that the general public is dissatisfied with the quality of police work. On the average, between 80 and 85 percent of the citizens of Bangladesh believe that police are not doing good job and rate police work is extremely poor. Another study by Kashem (2002) also found that the level of politeness of police is very low. Sharma (1985); Sharma finds hostility or ruthless criticism of police efficiency and that police cases mostly fail because of the lack of public cooperation. The nature of policing in our country is reactive rather than proactive. So it is the citizens of the community, and not the police, who assume the initiating role in much modern police work. (Hagar, 1985). If people don’t believe as well as cooperate police, then how a good policing will be expected? James A. Inciardi, (2005); Misconduct by police officers in the forms of illegal activities for economics gain and accepting gratuities, favors, or payment for services  that police are sworn to carry out as part of their peacekeeping role. ree or discount meals are available to police officers in many American cities. Police officers have numerous opportunities to direct individuals to persons who can assist them for a profit. Police can also receive fees for referring arrested suspects to bail bond agents and defense attorney, (Kickbacks). Police officers accepting money from citizens in lieu of enforcing the law,(shakedowns). Involvement of police in predatory criminal activities, either directly or through complicity with criminals,(Planned theft and robbery). Police have numerous opportunities to pilfer valuable items. Typically involves jewelry and other goods from the scene of a burglary or from a suspect,(Opportunistic theft). 2.2. The Conceptual Framework of the study Police corruption Causes of police corruption Nature of police corruption Low salary Bribes Power Kickbacks Personal gain Gratuities Poverty Shakedowns Lack of morality Theft of property Falsifying evidence Political pressure Abuse of power The police are a citizen’s first link with the criminal justice. When a crime occurs, the police are usually the first agents of the state to become involved. But the police also abuse their power for fulfill illegal desire. They commit various types of corruption, these are: bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, theft of property, falsifying evidence and shakedowns etc. The police officer do these corruptions for some of the main reason such as low salary, political pressure, personal gain, greediness, lack of morality, poverty of availability of bad money etc. 2.3. Theoretical framework of the study One prominent sociological approach to understanding police behavior is based on the premises that police behavior is influenced by the social dynamics of police-citizen encounters. For example, Donald Black’s sociological theory of law holds that the â€Å"quantity of law† is influenced by the social attributes of concerned parties -victims and suspects, or plaintiff and defendants, as well as the agents of social control themselves. From this theoretical perspective, situational factors (Sherman 1980a) are the cues on which officers form judgments about how incidents should be handled. The key theoretical influences are symbolic internationalism and labeling perspective, which saw policing as an important process in shaping the patter of deviance through the exercise of discretion. (Reiner, Robert 2001). The deviant behavior of police comes to people’s sight when they interact with people. This interaction may occur through newspapers. Organizational explanation (blue curtain theory): Organizational explanation have shown that corrupt behavior arise through the development of an informal structure within the police department, an infrastructure that provides an officer with the opportunity to not only break the rules but also a transgression that is encouraged and supported by a sub-cultural code of beliefs. It is a set of informal norms that can be followed by police officers when they encounter an occupational uncertainty. These informal norms may be characterized as code of silence, unquestioned loyalty to other officers, and cynicism about the criminal justice system. The so-called blue curtain of silence – the refusal of officers to testify against other officers – is one of the major factors protecting and maintaining police corruption. Again, the most important organizational variable is leadership: the quality of management and supervision. Corruption flourishes in departments that tolerate it. Individual officers are more likely to succumb if they believe they won’t be caught or, if caught, punishment will not be severe imposed by the organization. Individual officer explanation (rotten-apple theory): Individual explanations acknowledge that a small number of police officers were responsible for a disproportionate number of acts of police misconduct. This explanation points toward a predisposition on the part of the officer as pivotal, rather than the officer being lured into wrongdoing. Whether a police officer chooses to engage in corrupt behavior has more to do with his or her personal benefit from an act than a submissive affinity for the deviant infrastructure. In other words, the corrupt officers consciously exercise discretion to engage in prohibited conduct. In most cases, officers who are engaged in corruption have a previous record of misconduct. Only officers having a moral degradation pursue to be corrupted. This theory is appealing because it emphasizes the moral failings of one or more individuals, provides convenient scapegoats, and avoids dealing with more difficult issues. It also points in the direction of simple remedy. Psychological approach highlights variations among officers in their behavioral dispositions, variation that is observed by the sociological approach. This perspective directs attention to the outlooks and personality traits that presumably produce different responses to similar situations by different officers. From this theoretical perspective, officers who are the  most likely to use force could be expected to (a) conceive the police role in narrow terms, limited to crime-fighting and law enforcement, (b) believe that this role is more effectively carried out when officers can use force at their discretion, and (c) regard the citizenry as unappreciative at best and hostile and abusive at worse. Chapter-Three 3.1. Research Methodology Methodology is a system of explicit rules and procedures upon which research is based and against which claims for knowledge are evaluated. Methodology contains the overall process of a study. This study shows a property-disposition relationship among the variables. Here property means the individual respondents and disposition is the perception of people towards police corruption. This research is mainly primary research. This research is also a quantitative research. Quantitative research is that research which is studied depending on the quantitative data. 4.2. Field selection Delduar thana of Tangail district was selected as the field of the study. In this area crime rate is high for the last few years so this area had been selected to collect expected data from the respondents. Some of the major union of this thana had been selected as the field of this research so that these area can represent the thana well. 3.3. Population and Sample Selection The entire set of relevant units of analysis, or data, is called the population. In this research the selected populations were very much involved with daily life activities and had idea about police activities. Because all of them was victims of police corruption somehow in their life. The sample was selected purposively from the population. Respondents who were willing to respond the questions noted in the questionnaire and who had  available time to give necessary information. Data were collected from 33 (thirty-three) respondents. Although thirty three (33) respondents is not enough for this study but these respondents expresses the overall situation of the area about this research well. So the sample size was very small (33). 3.4. Data Collection Methods and Techniques Survey method was used in this research for data collection. Face to face question interview was applied for the collection of data. A questionnaire schedule was obtained with some questions. Then the respondents were asked those questions to answer. The answers given by the respondents were noted in the questionnaire form. 3.5. Data Processing and Analysis The collected data were coded carefully for analysis. This processing (included coding) was done with the help of Microsoft excel SPSS program through computer. Several levels of statistical analysis are performed in conducting analysis stage. Frequency tables (i.e. frequency distribution) are made for univariate analysis. Cross table are made for the bivariate analysis. 3.6. Working Definition of the study Police: Police refers to state organizations employing professionals who are trained and equipped as specialists in policing who has the authority to enforce and maintain law. Corruption: The illegal commission or omission of an act which violate law is called corruption. Corruption is infringement of expectations of norms and rules. Police corruption: Herman Goldstein defines police corruption as â€Å"acts involving the misuse of authority by a police officer in a manner designed to produce personal gain for himself or for others†. Police corruption means  the deviation of police from their expected legal duties. Victim: A victim is a person who suffers from something. Here a victim is a person who is victimized by police for corruption. Chapter-Four 4. Research Findings Selected area for the present research is Delduar Thana of Tangail District. The sample size is very small. However, they have experienced many experiences during the interaction with police. Consequently, they also have a perception of their own about the police. Here the information given by respondents of the study are noted below: 4.1. Factual Information of the Respondent s Univariate Analysis Table-4.1: Age of the respondents Age limit(years)| Frequency| Percent| Cumulative frequency| 20-25| 9| 27.27| 9| 26-30| 7| 21.21| 16| 31-35| 4| 12.12| 20| 36-40| 4| 12.12| 24| 41-45| 6| 18.18| 30| 46-50| 3| 9.09| 33| Total| 33| 100| | This table-4.1, shows the age of the respondents ranges from 20 to 50 years. Most of the respondents age are less then 36. Maximum, that means 27.27 percent (28.8%) respondents belong in 20-25 (years) age-group. Moreover, the age of the respondents are normally distributed. But the number of having the age more than 46 years is very few. Table-4.2: Years of schooling of the respondents Years of schooling| Frequency| Percent| 05| 6| 18.18| 06| 2| 6.06| 07| 1| 3.03| 08| 2| 6.06| 10| 7| 21.21| 11| 1| 3.03| 12| 3| 9.09| 15| 5| 15.15| 16| 4| 12.12| 17| 2| 6.06| Total| 33| 100| Table-4.2 Shows that, the years of schooling of the respondent ranges from 05 to 17 (Primary to Masters). Here years of schooling 5 means Primary, 10 means S.S.C, 12 means H.S.C, 16 means Bachelor Degree and 17 means Masters. The maximum, in presentence is 21.21 percent (21.21%) respondents years of schooling are 10 (S.S.C), 9.090 percent (9.09%) respondents years of school are 12 (H.S.C). Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) respondents years of schooling are 17 (Masters). Table-4.3: Income of the respondents Income limit| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| 2000-4500| 12| 12| 36.36| 4501-6000| 4| 16| 12.12| 6001-8500| 7| 23| 21.21| 8501-12000| 6| 29| 18.18| 12001-14500| 2| 31| 6.06| 14501-18000| 2| 33| 6.06| Total| 33| | 100| From this table we see that income of the respondents ranges from Tk. 2000 to 16000. About 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondent’s income between Tk. 2000 to 4500, And then about 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents income between Tk.4501 to 6000, 21.21 percent (21.21%) respondents income between Tk. 6001 to 8500, 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondent income between Tk. 8501 to 12000, 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents income Tk. 12001 to 18000. So, maximum respondents’ income limits 2000 to 4500 Tk. Table-4.4: Occupation of the respondents Occupation| Frequency| Percent (%)| Cumulative frequency| Public service| 2| 6.06%| 2| Private service| 5| 15.15%| 7| Business| 13| 39.39%| 20| Labor| 11| 33.33%| 31| Student| 2| 6.06%| 33| Total| 33| 100%| | From the above table-4.4 we see that 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents have public service, 15.15 percent (15.15%) of the respondents are involve in private service, 39.39 percent (39.39%) of the respondent are businessman, 33.33 percent (33.33%) of the respondents are labor and 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents are student. The highest amount is occupied by the respondents, who are involved with business. Figure-4.1. Knowledge of the respondents about state law The figure-4.1 shows that maximum, that mean 51.51 percent (51.51%) of the respondents have less knowledge about state law. 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents have no knowledge about state law and about 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents have much knowledge about state law. Table-4.5: Knowledge of the respondents about human right Knowledge level| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| Much| 6| 6| 18.18| Less| 13| 19| 39.39| Not at all| 14| 33| 42.42| Total| 33| | 100| Figure-4.2. knowledge of the respondents about human right The above table-4.5 and figure-4.2 show that, 42.42 percent (42.42%) of the respondents have no knowledge about human right. 39.39 percent (39.39%) of the respondents have less knowledge about human right. 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondents have much knowledge human right. Figure-4.3. Knowledge of the respondent about police law The figure-4.3 shows that maximum that mean 60.60 percent (60.60%) of the respondents have no knowledge about police law. 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents have less knowledge about the police law and only 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents have high knowledge about police law. Table-4.6: Attitude of the respondent towards police. Attitude| Frequency| Percent| Cumulative frequency| Good| 4| 12.12| 4| Bad| 23| 69.69| 27| No idea| 6| 18.18| 33| Total| 33| 100| | Figure-4.4. Attitude of the respondent towards police. The table-4.6 and figure-4.4, show that the attitudes of the maximum, that mean 69.69 percent (69.69%) of the respondents towards police are bad. Only 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondent’s attitudes towards police are good and 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondents have no idea. Table-4.7: Believe of the respondents about â€Å"police are corrupted†. Police are corrupted| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| Yes| 31| 31| 93.93| No| 2| 33| 6.06| Total| 33| | 100| Figure-4.5. Believe of the respondents about â€Å"police are corrupted† The table-4.7 and figure-4.5 show that 93.93 percent (93.93%) of the respondents believe that â€Å"police are corrupted†. That means maximum respondents believe that â€Å"police are corrupted†. Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents not believe that â€Å"police are corrupted†. Table-4.8: Facing corruption of police by the respondents at police station. Faced corruption| Frequency| Percent| Cumulative frequency| Yes| 31| 93.939| 33| No| 2| 6.060| 33| Total| 33| 100.00| | Figure-4.6. Facing corruption of police by the respondents at police station The above table-4.8 and figure-4.6 show that maximum respondents faced corruption of police at police station; in percentage 93.93 percent (93.93%) of the respondents faced corruption of police at police station. Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents are not faced corruption of police at police station. Table-4.9: Nature of corruption faced outside of the police station Nature of corruption| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| Gratuities| 3| 3| 9.090| Bribes| 22| 25| 66.666| Theft of property| 1| 26| 3.030| Falsifying evidence| 4| 30| 12.121| Kickbacks| 2| 32| 6.060| Shakedowns| 1| 33| 3.030| Total| 33| | 100.00| Figure-4.7. Nature of police corruption outside of the police station The table-4.9 and figure-4.7 show that maximum respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption; in percentage 66.66 percent (66.66%) of the respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption. About 9.09 percent (9.09%) of the respondents faced â€Å"gratuities† as a police corruption. And about 3.03 percent (3.03%) of the respondents faced, theft of property and shakedowns† as police corruption. 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents faced â€Å"Falsifying evidence† as a police corruption and 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents faced â€Å"kickbacks† as police corruption. Figure-4.8. Causes of producing corruption by police outside of the police station The figure-4.8 shows that, in maximum time low salary is the main causes of police corruption. In percentage 39.39 percent (39.39%) respondents said that low salary is the main cause of police corruption. 6.060 percent (6.06%) said lack of morality is a cause of police corruption. 9.09 percent (9.09%) of respondents said power of the police is a cause of police corruption. 3.03 percent (3.03%) of the respondents said greediness is a cause of police corruption. 18.18 percent (18.18%) said personal gain is a cause of police corruption. And about 24.2 percent (24.24%) said political pressure is the another main cause of police corruption. Table-4.10: Nature of corruption faced at police station. Nature of police corruption| Frequency| Percent (%)| Gratuities| 02| 06.06%| Bribes| 18| 54.55%| Theft of property| 03| 09.09%| Falsifying evidence| 04| 12.12%| Kickbacks| 03| 09.09%| Shakedowns| 03| 09.09%| Total| 33| 100%| The table-4.10 shows that maximum respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption; in percentage 54.55% respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption. About 09.09% respondents faced theft of property, kickbacks and shakedown as police corruption at police station separately 12.12% respondents faced â€Å"falsifying evidence† as a police corruption. And about 06.06% respondents faced â€Å"gratuities, as police corruption at police station and it is minimum percentage of police corruption faced by respondents at police station. Table-4.11: Causes of producing corruption by police at police station. Causes of police corruption| Frequency| Percent (%)| Low salary| 21| 63.64%| Lack of morality| 02| 06.06%| power| 03| 09.09%| greediness| 01| 03.03%| Personal gain| 04| 12.12%| Political party pressure| 02| 06.06%| Total| 33| 100.00%| The table-4.11 shows that, in maximum times police are corrupted for their lower salary. About 63.64 percent (63.64%) police corruptions are occurred at police station for low salary of the police personnel in our country. On the other hand minimum police corruption is occurred at the police station for the greediness of the police in percentage is 03.03%. For lack of morality and political party pressure is 06.06%. for personal gain is 12.12% and for police’s power is 09.09% police corruptions are occurred at police station. Table-4.12: Facing police corruption after arrest Faced corruption| Frequency| Percent (%)| Yes| 23| 92.00%| No| 02| 08.00%| Total| 25| 100.00%| This table-4.12 shows that maximum respondents faced corruption of police after being arrested by police; in percentage 92% respondents faced corruption of police after arrest. Only 8% respondents are not faced corruption of police after arrest. Table-4.13: Nature of corruption faced after arrest by the respondents Nature| Frequency| Percent (%)| Gratuities| 01| 04.35%| Bribes| 13| 56.52%| Theft of property| 02| 08.70%| Falsifying evidence| 03| 13.04%| Kickbacks| 02| 08.70%| Shakedowns| 02| 08.70%| Total| 23| 100.00%| This table-4.13 shows that maximum respondents faced bribes as a police corruption after arrest; in percentage 56.52% respondents faced bribes as a police corruption after being arrested. About 13.04% respondents faced falsifying evidence, 04.35% respondents faced gratuities and 08.70% faced theft of property, kickbacks and shakedowns, as a police corruption arrest. So minimum respondents faced gratuities as police corruption and in percentage is 04.35%. Table-4.14: Causes of police corruption after arrest Causes| Frequency| Percent (%)| Low salary| 14| 60.86%| Lack of morality| 01| 04.35%| Power | 02| 08.70%| Greediness | 01| 04.35%| Personal gain| 03| 13.04%| Political party pressure| 02| 08.70%| Total| 23| 100.00%| The table-4.14 shows that, maximum police corruptions at police station are produced by the police personnel for their lower salary and in percentage 60.86%. On the other hand the lowest police corruption is produced for lack of morality and greediness of the police. 13.04 percent (13.04%) police corruption is occurred for personal gain and power, political party pressure is responsible for 08.70% police corruption after arrest. Bivariate Analysis Cross Table Cross table-1: Nature of corruption faced outside of the police station vs. Causes of producing corruption by police outside of police station Outside of the police station| Causes of producing corruption by police outside of police station| Total| | Low salary| Lack of morality| power| greediness| Personal gain| Political party pressure| | Nature  of corruption faced outside of the police station| Gratuities| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 01, 3.03%| 03, 9.09%| | Bribes| 08, 24.24%| 01, 3.03%| 02, 6.06%| 00, 0%| 05,15.15%| 06, 18.18%| 22, 66.66%| | Theft of property| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| | Falsifying evidence| 02, 6.06%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 04, 12.12%| | Kickbacks| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 02, 6.06%| | Shakedowns| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 0, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| Total | 13, 39.39%| 02, 6.06%| 03, 9.09%| 01, 3.03%| 06,18.18%| 08, 24.24%| 33, 100%| This cross table-1 shows that maximum respondents were faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption outside of the police station, in these cases the low salary was main reason for the police corruption. In percentage it is 24.24% Cross table-2: Nature of corruption faced at the police station vs. Causes of producing corruption by police at police station Outside of the police station| Causes of producing corruption by police at police station| Total| | Low salary| Lack of morality| power| greediness| Personal gain| Political party pressure| | Nature of corruption faced at the police station| Bribes| 14, 42.42%| 00, 0%| 02, 06.06%| 00, 0%| 02, 06.06%| 00, 0%| 18, 54.55%| | Gratuities| 01, 03.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 03.03%| 00,0%| 00, 0%| 2, 06.06%| | Theft of property| 02, 06.06%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 03, 09.09%| | Falsifying evidence| 02, 6.06%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 04, 12.12%| | Kickbacks| 01, 3.03%| 01, 03.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 03.03%| 03, 09.09%| | Shakedowns| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 02, 06.06%| 00, 0%| 03, 09.09%| Total | 21, 39.39%| 02, 6.06%| 03, 09.09%| 01, 03.03%| 04,18.18%| 02, 24.24%| 33, 100%| This cross table-2 shows that maximum respondents were corrupted by the police at the police station for taking bribes from them and the low salary is the main reason for being corrupted of the respondents by the police at  police station and in percentage it is 42.42%. So at police station the main nature of police corruption is bribe and it is more than outside of the station. Cross table-3: Facing corruption of police after arrest vs. causes of producing corruption by police after arrest. After arrest| Causes of police corruption after arrest| Total| | Low salary| Lack of morality| power| greediness| Personal gain| Political party pressure| | Facing corruption of police after arrest| Yes| 14, 60.86%| 01, 04.35%| 02, 08.70%| 01, 04.35%| 03, 13.04%| 02, 08.70%| 23, 100%| | No| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| Total| 14, 60.86%| 01, 04.35%| 02, 08.70%| 01, 04.35%| 03, 13.04%| 02, 08.70%| 23, 100%| This cross table shows that maximum respondents were faced police corruption after arrest for the low salary of the police. About 60.86 percent (60.86%) respondents were being corrupted by the police after arrest for sol salary. Chapter-Five 5. Case studies 5.1. Case study: 01 Khokon was a student of Pathrail M.L. High School, Delduar, Tangail. He did court marriage a Hindu girls. He was a child of a middle class family and the girl was a child of a high class Hindu family. The girl was willing for the court marriage but the girls family wasn’t agreed of the marriage. They make a false case of women kidnapping in Delduar Thana and Khokon were responsible for kidnapping their girl. He was made the main criminal for the kidnappimg. One day the police caught Khokon from his house with the girl. They return the girl to her parents after taking a large sum of bribe from the girls family and brought Khokon to Thana. They tortured him very much and after some days the case was dismissed without prosecution in the court. They also demanded and took bribes from Khokon’s family. I took this cases because, I think this cases is a better example of police corruption. The causes of police corruption according to this case is low or small salary, greediness, power of police etc. 5.2. Case study: 02 Mohammad Roton, nick nake Roton 32 years old, is a businessman. He was also a political person. One day he was going to main town for his occupational necessity with the help of his motor-bike. On way, he was stopped by police and asked for his driving license as well as the license of his motor-bike. But at that moment the license of his bike was not with him, though he has no driving license at all. For this he was quite unable to show his licenses. The police demanded money as bribe to Mohammad Roton, instead of booking a case against him. The police officer showed fear to him that if he didn’t pay the money demanded, he would be harassed. For this he was bound to give money instead of going through a legal process. He also has enough bad money From this case, we see that denying law and having bad money increase the opportunity of police corruption. Chapter-Six 6. Summary and Concluding Remarks 6.1 Summary: The police are a citizen’s first link with the criminal justice. But the police abuse their power for fulfill illegal desire. This research finds out the nature of police corruption and the causes of police corruption. General people’s perception towards police is not good. Most of the people believe that police are corrupted. Police exhibit some common types of corruption, these are: bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, theft of property, falsifying evidence, shakedowns and physical torture. The police officer do corruption because of low salary, political pressure, for personal gain, lack of morality, greediness, availability of bad money and their types of job or power of police. 6.2. Concluding Remarks: Though purposive sampling has been used in this research from some of the homogenous cases. So, I think this research find out the nature and causes of Bangladesh police. Most of the general people of our country think that  the police of Bangladesh are corrupted. Bangladesh police is the high corrupted department of Bangladesh government. Bangladesh police are providing low salary and they are not morally strong. Bangladesh police has also political arty pressures, poverty of police personnel mainly who are lower in rank. These inspire them to do corruption. The job nature and power is also a reason for police corruption we see in the study. Police officer mostly takes bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, do physical torture for bribes. This research shows that most police personnel corrupted for taking bribes, physical tortures, falsifying evidences, theft for the suspect, proving information etc. people keep bad idea on police, they think that police are not good person. So to prevent police corruption these reasons have to be removed. The salary of the police personnel have to be increased enough, they have to provide moral education so they do their duties honestly. Public perception on police have to exchanged from bad to good by the police person doing well behave with them. 1.5. Limitations of the study This research has many problems and limitations, such as: I. The hypothesis and some other test such as chai-test, correlation are not shown here. II. In this research purposive sampling has been used so the other population’s opinion was avoided and the sample size was small. III. Sufficient data can’t be found because of want of some other technical method. IV. More questions should be used to collect more effective data about this research topic but the questions were less than needed. 6.3. Bibliography Ahuja, Ram, (1996): Sociological Criminology. New Age International (P) Limited, India. Bohm, Robert M. and Haley, Keith N. (2002): Introduction to Criminal Justice, third edition. Glencoe McGraw-Hill. Frankfort-Nachmias, Chava and Nachmias, David (1997): Research Methods in the Social Sciences, Fifth edition, St. Martin’s Press, lnc., New York. Haque, ANM Nurul. The Ferocity of the Police, In The Daily Star.3rd July, 2006 Hughes, Michael and Kroehler, Carolyn J.(2000): Sociology,6th edition, McGraw-Hill companies, Inc., New York. Huda, Mohammad Nurul. Controlling Crime and All That. In The Daily Star- 29th July,2006. Kashem, Mohammad B.(2002): Preventing Crime: Police and Crime Control in Bangladesh. Khasrul Alam Quddusi, Kazi SM, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Chittagong. Use of Hartal and Police, In The Daily Star,9th JuIy,2006. Malek, Adam. Police Remand. In The Daily Jugantar, 4th January, 2006. Paranjape, N.V., (2005): Criminology and Penology. Central Law Publication, Allahabad-2, India. Pearson, Judy; Nelson, Paul; Tetsworth, Scott; and Harter, Lynn, (2004): Human Communication. McGraw-Hill Companies, New York. Police Activities: A Study on Three Police Stations, (2004): Transparency International Bangladesh. Putwain, David and Sammons, Aidan (2002): Psychology and Crime. Taylor and Francis Group. Quinney, Richard(1979):Criminology. Little, Brown and Company (Canada) Limited. Reiner, Robert (2001): Introduction: what Is Police Research? In Doing Research in Crime and Criminal Justice. Sanders, William B., (1983): In Criminology, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Schaefer, Richard T., (2004): Sociology: A Brief Introduction, Fifth edition, McGraw Hill Companies, New York. Stotland, Ezra and Berberich, John. (1979): The Psychology of the Police. In Psychology of Crime and Criminal Justice. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In United Nations Civilian Hand book. (1995): United Nations Department of Peace-keeping operation. Vadackumchery, James (1997): Indian Police and Miscarriage of Justice. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. New Delhi. Wilson, James Q. & Kelling, George L. (1982): Broken Windows. In Atlantic Monthly. In Urban Society, 11th edition. McGraw-Hill company. Worden, Robert E. (2001): The causes of Police Brutality: Theory and Evidence on Police Use of Force. Mawalana Bhashani Science and Technology University Department of Criminology and Police Science. Survey Questionnaire (All the below information only will be used for research purpose. A respondent can answer the following question without any fear or hesitation) 1. Age: (Specific) 2. Gender: (1) Male (2) Female 3. Marital status: (1) Married, (2) Unmarried, (3) Widow. 4. Years of Schooling: (Specific) 5. What is your occupation? (1) Public service, (2) Private Service, (3) Business, (4) Labor. 6. What is your income? (Specific) 7. How much knowledge you have about the State Law? (1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all. 8. How much knowledge you have about the Police Law? (1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all. 9. How much knowledge you have about the Human Right? (1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all. 10. What is your attitude towards police? (1) Good, (2) Bad, (3) No idea. 11. Are you believed Police are corrupted? (1) Yes, (2) No. 12. If yes, why? Ans. 13. Have you ever been to police station in order to any service? (1) Yes, (2) No. 14. If yes, why? Ans. 15. If yes, did you face any problem at police station? (1) Yes, (2) No. 16. If yes, what types of problem did you face? (1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17. Have you meet with police for any cause? (1) Yes, (2) No. 18. If yes why? Ans. 19. If yes, did you face any problem? (1) Yes, (2) No. 20. If yes, what types of problem did you face? (1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21. Why did police produce that problem according to your view? 22. Had you ever been arrested by police? (1) Yes, (2) No. 23. If yes, why? Ans. 24. If yes, did you face any problem after arrest? (1) Yes, (2) No. 25. If yes, what types of problem did you face? (1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

International Business on Heineken Essay

Identify 2 strategic objectives that your firm had for entering a specific foreign country. In 2010 entered the Latin American market by acquiring the beer businesses of FEMSA in Mexico and Brazil. The FEMSA, Fomento Economico Mexicano is the largest Mexican and Latin American beverage company.1 Reasons for entering this continent is to achieve their goals, also mentioned as objectives in Heineken’s annual report. Two of these goals include Grow the Heineken brand and Capture the opportunities in emerging markets. Entering the Latin American market, would enlarge the brand awareness of Heineken. By aiming on expanding the brand name,The brand performance in 2012 was strong both in developed and emerging markets. It was particularly noticeable in Brazil, Russia, India, China and Nigeria where Heineken enjoyed double digit growth. This development was largely due to a global approach to brand management and to effective marketing. 2 Furthermore Heineken aims on capturing opportu nities in emerging market, especially focussing on Mexico. Heineken has transformed its emerging market presence in recent years through a clear acquisition strategy, strong organic growth and joint venture partnerships. The beer volume increased from †¦ in 2007 to†¦. In 2012. In mexico they continue to implement their value growth strategy following the acquisition in 2010. Focused brand investment behind new marketing campaigns and upgraded packaging have supported growth of Carta Blanca, Tecate, Dos Equis, So and India brands. In addition, increased outlet distribution and targeted activation programmes resulted in the Heineken brand volume more than doubling in 2012. 5b) Which foreign entry modes has your firm used in the last 6 to 8 years, and which mode was used for which country? Please also explain for one of the entry modes used whether you think that mode was the best one or whether another entry mode should have been used instead. Substantiate our answer with at least two arguments. Heineken operates in more than 71 countries.3 The most common used entry modes are joint ventures and acquisitions. If acquisition in a foreign company is not possible due to government restrictions, Heineken decides to operate as joint ventures. Heineken aims on dominating the market and gaining the largest market share for beer. For this goal, the company tries to enter foreign markets by using Greenfield acquisitions and  have full control over their operations without having to add new capacity to the industry. This entry mode has also a faster entry speed and is used for emerging markets, where the competition and growth of the market is high. In this case, acquisitions are operated in the emerging markets. For example, the acquisition of the brand Tiger between Heineken and APB and APIPL enabled the brand to lift with the growth of Heineken. and established local premium brands including Biere Larue in Vietnam, Bintang in  Indonesia, SP in Papua New Guinea and Tui in New Zealand.4 As for companies that do already have a dominant market share in a country and do not need to upgrade to fit the global operations, Heineken decide to go for joint ventures, where the two companies work together, and limit the financial risk of investment by working together with local firms. Also Heineken enjoys knowledge of the local market. Full acquisitions have a high degree of equity control. Also the resource growth is external. Full acquisitions are chosen if it is important to enter the market quickly, if the it is a fast growing market, emerging markets? Also acquisitions are chosen if there are already companies existing of the same product. Certain costs will be avoided by doing so. As for joint ventures, the degree of equity control is low and has an internal resource growth. 5c) which of the four multinational strategies described in chapter 15 of the textbook most closely resembles your firm;s multinational strategy? Please explain your answer. 4 A) Consider the case of the focal company deciding to set up a new production facility in an emerging market of your choice. Why is this an appealing emerging market? The African market for Heineken is an appealing emerging market to expand in. This is due to a number of reasons: Population growth on the African continent is expected to grow from 1 billion as of today to 1.2 billion in 2020 and the African population is still relatively young in comparison to other established markets such as Europe and North America. Besides this, the middle class in the African content is growing steadily, consumers are  becoming more band-conscious and GDP per capita has been positively growing since the last decades due to the improving political and economical environment. Heineken is thus, presented with a number of advantages, in which the long term clearly outweighs the threats in establishing itself firmer in this emerging market. What are the threats that Heineken faces in penetrating the African continent as an emerging market more firmly? An issue that has encircled Africa throughout its history is the problem of corruption and bureaucracy. However, due to globalization and the increased interconnectivity around the globe this ethical issue has become a more prevalent topic amongst societies to be discussed and the same goes for the African countries. Although the issue still exists MNO’s argue that there’s a slow but gradual decrease in the severity of it in the African countries in which the improved political and economical environment is a positive contributor. Another threat that Heineken faces in the African emerging markets is the lack of good infrastructure and power supplies. On top of this poor education, health care, life expectancy and poverty are some of the other threats that can have an effect on the MNO. 4 B) How should your firm address the opportunities and threats of this emerging market? Some of the strategies Heineken as the multinational organization can undertake is by introducing unreleased brands into the continent. Some examples: are the introduction of the alcoholic apple cider beverage ‘Strong Bow’ in South-Africa, non-alcoholic beverages such as ‘Amstel ZERO’ alcohol that taste like alcoholic beer and a large variety of other alcoholic beverages which all fall under the global Heineken brand of beers. Besides that, Heineken can introduce TCM due to operational excellence, acquired throughout the years, and it can implement innovative and at the same time environmentally friendly PET bottles which they have recently introduced into the Democratic republic of Congo as example to underline their technological innovations. As consumption per capita is growing in the African countries, whilst excluding the steady population growth amongst the  African countries, an increase in demand for premium beer brands is emerging such as the ‘Heineken’ and ‘Amstel’ beers in the African continent in which the MNO Heineken is expected to face tremendous growth opportunities in the following decades. These strategies have been introduced into the European continent and have proven to be very successful, with Africa as an emerging market Heineken can introduce the successfully proven strategies, which the company has used throughout the years to solidify its market position even further. Heineken has a long history of in house training- and development. It has already established regional training schools in Nigeria and the DRC wherein they have established strong management development programs to attract and retain local talents. This is a way for the company to combat the threat of poor education. Heineken tries to better the life of its employees working for the company and as well the lives of people in the region: Heineken has established a healthcare program for all 30,000 of its employees where the government often lacks to adequately provide this. It has set up HIV programs in sub-Saharan breweries to educate its personnel and besides that founded African foundation programs such as Health clinics and malaria projects to better the lives of the people in its direct surrounding. 5 A) Identify two strategic objectives (i.e., reasons) that your firm had for entering a specific foreign country. Please explain your answers. Heineken has recently decided in 2013 that it will be planning on building a 60 million Euros Brewery in Burma (Myanmar). The Heineken group has decided to do so after it has seen positive progress in terms of political and social reforms in Burma. On the 22nd of April this year all sanctions against Burma were lifted by the EU council and on top of this other large MNE such as Coca Cola, Pepsi and Carlsberg have recently decided to move into the country as well. Another reason for entering the Burmese market is that beer consumption in Burma is still at a relatively low level: 3 litres a year per capita whereas its neighbour Vietnam is at a staggering 30 litres+ a year per capita. This gives out a signal that there are a lot of potential profits still to be made especially now that political and social  reforms are taking place. By investing with a 60 million Euros brewery, Heineken plans on solidifying it’s market position even further across the globe. 5 B) Which foreign entry modes has your firm used in the last 6 to 8 years, and which mode was used for which country? Heineken operates in over 71 countries.6 The most common used entry modes that the firm uses consist out of joint ventures and acquisitions. In case acquisition of a foreign company is not a possibility due to government restrictions, Heineken will decide to try and operate as a joint venture. Heineken aims on dominating the global market and is constantly seeking to acquire a larger market share for beer. For this goal, the company tries to enter foreign markets by using Greenfield acquisitions so that they have full control over their operations without having to add new capacity to the industry. This entry mode on top of not adding unnecessary extra capacity to the industry as well comes with a faster entry speed and is most commonly used for emerging markets, where competition and growth in the markets is high. In this case, acquisitions are operated in emerging markets such as Asia and Africa. For example, the acquisition of the beer brand Tiger between Heineken and APB and APIP L enabled the brand to lift with the growth of Heineken. Established local premium brands including Biere Larue in Vietnam, Bintang in Indonesia, SP in Papua New Guinea and Tui in New Zealand share similar stories.7 As for companies that have already acquired a dominant market share in their home country, Heineken opts for joint ventures if they are unwilling to sell, where the two companies then work together instead, and thus limit the financial risk of investment by working together with local firms. 5 C) which of the four multinational strategies described in chapter 15 of the textbook most closely resembles your firm’s multinational strategy? From the four multinational strategies described in International Business book Heineken organizational structure most closely resembles a transnational strategy. This is because Heineken, being the third largest  beer brewer in the world, has practically managed to penetrate itself in all markets in which it sells over 200 international premium, regional, local and specialty beers and cider. This vast variety of different brands has made the Heineken group highly responsive to consumers in which all their needs can be satisfied due to such a broad assortment. Due to Heineken’s high aggregation of benefits such as economies of scale and operational excellence the MNE captures the best of two worlds by being cost efficient and locally responsive, depicting the structure of a transnational strategy. 6 A) Identify two ethical dilemmas that the focal firm faces in a host country of your choice. Why are these issues ‘dilemmas’ and how has your firm dealt with them? An environmental issue that brewers cope with is the negative media of the use of alcohol. Consuming excessive alcohol has many negative health and behavioral risks. For this reason, many governmental laws and regulations charges alcoholic beverages. As a social issue for the company, more than 800,000 car accidents in Mexico occur due to the use of alcohol. Even though these issues impact the social side of sustainability, the health and well being of people. This is an issue to the firm, because they are accused as contributors of the harms as consequences of alcohol causing the firm to suffer from brand damage. Heineken must defend its image as a brewery, especially since the firm is leader of the industry. To avoid shifting the blame on breweries, due to the fact that they have no influence on controlling consumers‘ behavior, they aim on increasing awareness of the consequences of excessive consumption of alcohol. Heineken supports the idea of no physically or behavioral ha rm when moderately consuming alcohol. Heineken aims on contributing to the positive role of beer in society by encouraging responsible attitudes towards alcohol and discouraging the misuse of alcohol. The most important stakeholders in these social dilemmas are the consumers. 6b) Drawing on stakeholder theory, argue to what extent the focal firm should develop a globally standardized strategy to cope with the selected dilemma. The excessive use of alcohol occurs is a global issue. The use of alcohol  and driving does not only occur in Mexico, but causes many accidents and fatalities all over the world. Thus the issues discussed are of global relevance. The harm that this issue emphasizes applies to the users of alcohol and their environment. That is why Heineken launched an Enjoy Heineken Responsibly (EHR) Campaign in 2004, which is globally used. Measures that the firm has been taken include putting this message on all of their cans, bottles and packages. Also, in commercials and on their website they quote: ‘Great opportunities belong to moderate drinkers’ to encourage moderately drinking. Furthermore, they advertising boarding on all major sponsorships or sports. Furthermore, the company also tailored its strategy locally in Mexico, where they launched a Designated Driver Program to encourage attendees of to become or choose a designated driver for different occasions. The program is presented in 92 universities across the country and other youth organizations and events. By doing so, Heineken hopes to decrease the probability of accidents caused due to alcohol. To conclude, Heineken already has a global strategy and a local strategy to cope with the issues. The social issue in Mexico is actually a global issue, since it occurs in many other countries. The reason why Heineken focuses on Mexico is due to the explosive high rates of alcohol fatality in traffic in this country. We support the idea to expand the measurements taken for Mexico to other countries with high fatality rates, for instance in the United States where 31 percent of all accidents include fatality du e to alcohol use in traffic in 2009.8 6c) How do the actual solutions to the focal dilemmas relate to the solutions practiced by Unilever and which approach is better? Sustainability living is the core of Unilever’s operations. It aims on doubling the size of their business and simultaneously reducing their environmental footprint and increasing the positive social impact. As for reducing its impact on the environment through its supply chain, it aims to maximize their Reduce, Recycle and Replace journey. Concluded from their research, 68 percent of their total GHG footprint is founded by the consumer self. 26% of the footprint is due to the raw materials. To solve this, the company came up with improving eco-efficient production and improving the agriculture practices. The related dilemmas that occur between Heineken and Unilever is  to influence consumers behavior. Both companies cope with the fact that they cannot control the consumer use. Furthermore both companies try to communicate their issues through brand name. Unilever copes with this issue by adapting the sustainability plan. As for Heineken, they launched the Enjoy Heineken Responsibly campaign, as mentioned before. What differs is that Unilever focuses on sustainability across the value chain, while Heineken emphasizes the consumer use. From one point of view, the approach of Unilever is preferred over Heineken’s approach, because it tackles the entire value chain. Also, it works on the long-term solution. From another point of view it is clarified that Heineken works on valuing life on a social and physical level, by reducing the possibility of harming social and health. However this does not add value to future generations, thus we believe that Unilever has a better approach to tackle its issues. http://www.heinekeninternational.com/products_brands_brands.aspx http://www.centurycouncil.org/sites/default/files/materials/SODDFIA.pdf http://www.sustainabilityreport.heineken.com/impact/responsible-consumption/encouraging-responsible-consumption-through-our-brands.html http://www.heinekeninternational.com/companystrategyprofile.aspx file://localhost/Users/raymondjansen/Documents/IB/annual%20report%20heineken%202012.pdf book, 373

Design awareness 101 homework 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Design awareness 101 homework 3 - Essay Example The logo, according to one of the interviewees was created in the 1960s. It is evident that the ability to adjust and attain a more integrated perspective, and the contributions of others has been acknowledged in backing the design process (Hustwit, 2014). It is normally believed that every typeface is good, valuable and unique with the ability to self- realize the objectives of the designer. In considering this, designers observe that the beauty of typeface is motivated by the need to remain relevant. Care and attention to self-concept, uniqueness of designers, and the fact hat designing is art the reason transformative learning leans towards humanistic philosophy. Designing is practical form of education is normally related to hypothesis testing and deductive reasoning. The use of participatory forums helps in building and equipping designers with necessary expertise. This way, they are able to acquire skills and improved knowledge that enhances innovations and competitiveness. The Helvetica platform gives designers a chance to further their goals in arts. The analysis on how designers acquire knowledge and develop skills through their work experiences has helped in the growth of the Helvetica. Contextual information of a given typography the viewer to develop a perception of the purpose and intention of the piece of work presented. One’s ability to interpret, explore, and evaluate a piece of art is enhanced through identifying the social, personal, historical, cultural, artistic, educational, spiritual, and political, among other contexts that influence the understanding and creation of typography. By distinguishing how specific contexts typeface together with theme and form, one can be able to identify how proper balance of qualities creat es layers of meaning, thus providing the nature, relevance, and significance of any given design. As such, one would be able to develop an in depth engagement, appreciation and

Forms of Business Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Forms of Business Organizations - Essay Example These characteristics of the sole proprietorship distinguish it from a corporation and a limited liability company. A sole proprietor, for example, owns and manages a sole proprietorship, a feature that is different from observations in corporations and limited liability companies. More than one person, for example, owns a corporation or a limited liability company. These owners are called shareholders while the owner of a sole proprietorship is called the sole proprietor. Board of directors who are distinct from the businesses’ owners manages corporations while limited liability companies’ management is flexible. Another difference between the three forms of businesses is the owners’ liability over the organizations’ debts. While a sole proprietor is liable for all of the business’ liabilities, corporations and limited liability companies’ owners have limited liabilities that are restricted to their share contributions. Another difference be tween the forms of business organizations is the legal requirements to which they are subjected. While a sole proprietorship only requires the filing of the enterprise’s name, corporation, and limited liability companies must be registered. The organizations’ tax liabilities are also treated differently. While a sole proprietorship is taxed as a natural person through the proprietor’s income, a limited liability company is taxed at the business organization’s level while a corporation’s taxation involves a double taxation in which the organization’s earnings are taxed and shareholders are taxed on their dividends. The organizations also differ in their structural requirements.  

Distinguishing Any Parallels and Variations within The Texts, Discuss Essay

Distinguishing Any Parallels and Variations within The Texts, Discuss To What Extent Female Power Could Be Said To Exist In The Colour Purple [Alice Walker] A - Essay Example Still, it is immediately difficult from Celie’s â€Å"Dear God,† letters to discern the exact date, but the post slavery setting is obvious by the ownership of property; and that the only â€Å"enslavement† that is apparent is the enslavement of black women, especially very young black women, to black men (Walker, pp. 11-15). Celie, her mother, her sister Nettie, and the other women introduced into Walker’s story seem not to be aware of a lifestyle where they had a choice other that of being subservient to men. Nor do they have any control over the use of bodies by the men in the lives (p16-18). Walker’s protagonist, Celie, begins experiencing the subservient demands and physical demands made by men in their society at the time; she has no choice, she is physically used and abused, although Walker does convey the idea that Celie may have been somewhat prepared for her role even if only by observing her mother’s condition of subservience and as a witness to the physical abuse her mother suffered. That Celie’s first physical experience was at the hands of the man she believed to be her father, worried Celie only to the extent that it caused a crack in the relationship between herself and her mother. Still, Celie sees the man, Albert, who comes to the family initially to negotiate for Celie’s sister, Nettie, as an escape; knowing that she will continue in a subservient role in Albert’s household (Walker, pp. 16-18). At this point, the themes of mental and physical enslavement are evident, even in the post Civil War setting. In Atwood’s story of The Handmaid’s Tale, it’s as though time has moved backward, away from the contemporary life and lifestyle that the young protagonist can still recall in the quiet moments she finds for herself (Walker, pp. 3-4). We do, however, quickly become aware that a â€Å"war† is going on (Atwood, p. 19)She, like Celie, has been relegated to a life of subservience to the male authority, left with no choice

The Man Who Was Almost a Man Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Man Who Was Almost a Man - Term Paper Example Throughout the story, Dave is seen to be a frustrated young adult since people never took him as a man as he wanted and acquiring a gun was a way of getting power and would demand respect using it even if it would mean killing a man. â€Å"The first movement he made the following morning was to reach under his pillow for the gun; in the gray light of dawn he held it loosely, feeling a sense of power could kill a man with a gun like this (Wright 75).† â€Å"Kill anybody, black or white, and if he were holding his gun in his hand, nobody could run over him; they would respect him (Wright 75).† However, instead of gaining the respect he was demanding, possession of the gun led him into more trouble and ruined his respect greatly. Some of the factors that were making Dave feel less of a man was the fact that his mom was waking him up every morning in order for him to go and work in the plow fields. To make the matter worse, she would go ahead and keep Dave’s money for him for she still felt that Dave was an immature young boy. Moreover, Dave is seen to be uncomfortable with the treatment he was getting at the field, claiming that he was not being respected as a man. All these factors pushed him to purchase a gun, which he bought from the olds man Hawkins’ store (Wright para20-23). However, Dave had to beg his mom like a little baby so as to be given some money to buy the gun, to a point of deceiving her that the gun would be for his father. Finally, the mother gave in on the conditions that Dave would be bring it straight back to her immediately he buys it as well as ensure that he return it to her every night before going to bed. A critical analysis of this story shows a complete failure by Dave to make himself recognized by the society as a man. A man is a male individual who possess qualities like strength, courage, fortitude and most importantly honor or respect among other

Main Location Criteria for Retail and Service Businesses Research Paper

Main Location Criteria for Retail and Service Businesses - Research Paper Example A careful and wise decision to choose a convenient and right location is critical to building competitive advantages too (Zimmerer, Scarborough and Wilson, 2008, p. 515). Retail stores and restaurants have to be located near to customers so that they can reach to the business easily, whereas manufacturers may find locations remote from the customer base in order to be cost-effective due to the availability of raw materials, availability of labor, taxes, regulation and overhead costs (Pinson and Jinnett, 2006, p. 39). It shows different business enterprises will be influenced by location element differently. Nearness to customers is highly important and critical to creating a competitive advantage for small retail whereas being remote from the customers to take cost-effective advantages is a way to achieve competitive advantage to the large manufacturers. A retail business that attracts a large number of customers due to its nearness to the people will obviously enjoy more advantages than its competitor who is away from customers and finds less number of customers. As Pakroo and Pakroo (2008) emphasized, the entrepreneurs are required to figure out how a particular location selection will or will not contribute to the success of the business and how it makes economic sense (p. 50). The location will make economic sense when it is really going to pay to the entrepreneur and generate more earnings than in the case if the business is located in some other locations. For a real estate business, the best three things are ‘location, location, and location. Katz and Green (2009) hold an opinion that the same is true with a small and service business too (p. 357). Location is meaningful when it is a good location for business so as to attract a number of visitors. Katz and Green (2009) emphasized that a good location is in fact highly dependent on the budget an entrepreneur can afford, the business philosophy and marketing niche he is seeking (p. 357).   Ã‚  

Comparison between Shen Fus Father and Kang-Hsis Styles of Ruling Essay

Comparison between Shen Fus Father and Kang-Hsis Styles of Ruling - Essay Example This essay is the best example of comparison of the ruling styles of the fathers and rulers presented in the Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang-hsi and Six Records of a Floating Life. Essentially, the father and the ruler of the state share the same stature in Confucianism. This is particularly so in the sense that human beings can be improved, made perfect, and improved through communal and personal initiatives. In this respect, K’ang-Hsi in the book Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K’ang-Hsi appears to go contrary to humanism as a style of ruling in his empire. This is specifically so in the sense that he strongly believes that he is the emblem of justice and in this regard, has the right of giving and taking life out of people. In his perception of the correction of human beings, K’ang-Hsi fully understands that while administrative errors are unavoidable, he can easily correct them through punitive measures that sometimes lead to execution. On the other hand, Shen Fu’s father shows great humanness and social harmony towards his wife Chen Yun. Perhaps this may have resulted from the teachings of his life during the Qing Dynasty but one thing for sure is that he loves his wife beyond measure and he demonstrates this by allowing her to do her social duties while he remains the head of the family. In fact, Shen Fu’s father confesses that his wife is the motivation behind him as far as writing the book Six Records of a Floating Life is concerned.

Write a paper on ONE of the following topics Essay

Write a paper on ONE of the following topics - Essay Example They even viewed the body as a prison house of the entity which they called the soul. During the Middle Ages, however, such thinking was challenged and was slowly replaced by the belief on psychosomatic unity. Following St. Thomas Aquinas’ metaphysics, man is a unified composite substance of two essential principles: form and matter. His teaching introduced concept of the unity of human nature as constituted by form and matter—soul and body. In this regard, the mind and body problem pertains to the nature of the dynamics between the two substances. Can a non-material substance truly affect a material substance, if so, in what manner and up to what extent? With this, it is my task to present how four philosophers have attempted to provide answers to this boggling question. In this regard, I will critically examine Descarte’s Interactionism, Malebranche’s Occasionalism, Spinoza’s Double Aspect Theory, and Leibniz’ Pre-Established Harmony. Having done so, I will then dedicate my discussion on evaluating the logical soundness of each viewpoint on the mind-and-body problem in order to arrive at a conclusion on which philosopher presented the strongest arguments. Interactionism begins with the basic assumption that the non-material substance of man (soul) can interact with the material substance (body). As Descartes further explained, although the sense perceptions and the physical passions of humans are dependent on the body, the awareness and understanding of them lies on the mind. Thus, there is indeed an interaction between the mind and the body, and the point of interaction happens in the pineal gland. Because the body is an extended matter and the mind is an un-extended spirit, there ought to be a physical venue to allow for their interaction. But as Descartes claimed, the soul is united to all parts of the body conjointly. Thus, the body provides proper housing to the soul. When a member of

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 48

History - Essay Example They had no idea how the colonists would react, but they never assumed that it would lead to outright rebellion. This tax, called the Stamp Act, was perceived by the Colony leaders to be unjust. This disagreement would be the beginning of the end of the relationship that the Colonists had with Great Britain. The Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, but was replaced with another new law that allowed the British government to tax the colonies as they saw fit; and, indeed they did tax them. â€Å"The Boston Tea Party† was not this roaring attack by men hooting and screaming, while dressed as Native Americans, making a loud protest as we so often see in films and television; in fact, the â€Å"Tea Party† was rather covert, quiet, and over and done with quickly. Ultimately the episode concluded with the British response to the â€Å"The Boston Tea Party,† when armed warships surrounded the port city and were prepared to use force to gain obedience and order if necessary. T his miniseries uses actors to speak the words that reflected the real concerns of the people who were living in these times. It makes it very interesting to learn history in this way. The second part of the miniseries, Liberty! The American Revolution, covers the period between 1774-1776. This was the times when Americans took up arms and openly defied Britain. The British thought that the colonists were hardly a threat. Many colonists were still quite loyal to their homeland and were caught in the middle, and quite conflicted as to what they should do. It was a rebellion they thought could be put down quickly and then it would be over and forgotten. The famous skirmish at Lexington, may have been by accident, in that to this day no one is absolutely certain who fired the first shot. However, it was Bunker Hill where British losses were significant, and the Americans proved they could be a threat. The Americans held their ground until they ran out of ammunition and were

Corporal Punishment Essay Example for Free

Corporal Punishment Essay Corporal punishment is a subject that has a lot of emotional opinions for me. The Collins English Dictionary describes corporal punishment as punishment of a physical nature, such as caning, flogging, or beating. The description of caning, flogging or beating should be enough to indicate that it is not needed for children. Corporal punishment has a tone that is too close to child abuse to be comfortable with any form of it. I suppose the clarity should be to try to define the line between discipline and abuse. Corporal punishment in my mind is abuse, not discipline. Discipline should not leave marks, bruises or cause lasting physical or emotional pain. It should be something that gets the child’s attention and offers correction, but too many parents or adults simply just don’t know where the line is and when they have so clearly crossed it. I realize that psychological marks or bruises maybe difficult to read but I believe that there can be some tell-tale signals that indicate how effective it was in a child’s upbringing or how ineffective it was in the same measure. Corporal punishment in families is a controversial practice in the United States and worldwide. (Zolotor, A. J. , Puzia, M. E. (2010). 229-247) Zolotor indicates that advocates of corporal punishment deem it to be a necessary practice for well-behaved children. He further states that it harms children psychologically and interferes with development. Ask any parent, â€Å"do you spank your children? † and, many will quickly admit that they do. However their definition of spanking and the reality of corporal punishment are often too close to each other to separate discipline from abuse. I grew up in a family that discipline meant instant harsh responses to someone’s disfavor of your actions. In my family, discipline could be dealt out by anyone your senior including aunts, uncles, grandparents, older siblings, older cousins, or just about anybody who would have a reaction to a child being a child and investigating their limitations and curiosities. When I think about whether or not corporal punishment is effective or not, I have to admit that I have a severely tainted view and opinion. It is not easy to see clearly how punishing a child for discipline sake and having hem scream, â€Å"I am scared† when they are about to be disciplined can possibly mean the same thing. As I sit here preparing to provide opinions or belief systems in my life that do not support corporal punishment, I think of the moments in my childhood that I remember most. I remember a sad day in my mother’s life when she, for some reason, asked me what I remember most about my childhood and I said, â€Å"The beatings, mom, I remember the beatings most†. I saw the pain in her eyes and it provided no consolation for me or peace for me. I realized in that moment, I probably hurt my mother emotionally more than she ever hurt me physically. I wasn’t trying to be dramatic or even trying to punish her for the life I led as a child. It was just the truth as it stood that day. I am almost fifty years old and I must admit that I still flinch when I am walking through a door and happen to have a woman walk in at the same time or behind me. My father used to smack the boys in the back of the head if we did not remember our manners and hold the door for women. He would scream some unusable obscenity and tell us to be a man of respect and manners and just about knock us to the ground in the process. The argument might be that it was effective because I will almost break my arm to hold a door open for a woman entering a room or a building regardless of the situation. I just think that chivalry is not dead and just do what is expected of a man who provides appropriate respect to women. Twenty-four countries have passed legislative bans on corporal punishment since the passage of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Coleman, D. , Dodge, K. A. , Campbell, S. (2010). This would seem to be sufficient information to indicate that there is strong evidence to prove that it is not a practice that can be tolerated or supported. If the leadership of twenty-four countries have agreed that this is not a proper way to take care of discipline issues with children, someone must have decided that there was enough evidence that proved children need to be protected from the ignorance of their parents. This statement holds a lot of credence for me because this had to be a subject that drew national and international attention at some time in the recent past. Someone brought up the subject of corporal punishment to the leadership of twenty four countries who all agreed that it was an ineffective form of discipline. I remember when I was a child in school at a small school in Arkansas, the principal, Mrs. Hewey, would have a conversation with my brother and me at least twice a week. The conversation was usually followed by the use of a two and a half foot long board that was about five inches wide and had holes drilled in it. Depending on our offense that day we would see anywhere from one to three good solid swats from that board and I swear that she would lean back all the way into the hallway to get a running start at the swing before it viciously collided with your backside. I don’t think this was really that effective but it usually took less than two days for my brother and me to be right back in her office for another try at that board. The only real problem was that every day we had this interaction, we were sure to get some more when we got home from one parent or the other and possibly both if the offense in school was strong enough. Children whose parents approved of and used corporal punishment were more likely to endorse hitting as a strategy for resolving interpersonal conflicts with peers and siblings. (Simons, D. A. , Wurtele, S. K. (2010) Reading this statement alone provides insight on the problems with relationships today. Whether it is factual or just opinion, it would seem that this is reason for other relationship issues that deal with conflict and conflict resolution. It would seem that we could easily expect to hear someone say, â€Å"if he hits you, hit him back† and this would be the fantastic wisdom they provide their children as they also are swift to find reason to administer swift punishment for simply being a child. I was once in a grocery store and overheard an overzealous father telling his son, â€Å"If he hits you again, you hit him back and if you have to do it when he is not watching, but you hit him and hit him again and again. He will certainly leave you alone if you do. † I immediately thought how awful this child’s youth and teenage years were going to be if he followed his father’s misguided advice. I must admit that in hearing just thirty seconds of a conversation, I felt sadness for the boy and disappointment and pity for the father. I thought that someday he is going to be one of those fathers who receives a phone call that says his son is in the hospital or worse because he followed his advice. He will never associate the situation with the advice he gave his son in his most impressionable years. He will just think evil of the people who harmed his son. HE will then respond in the only way he knows how, he will strike back too. Proving again that the discipline he received and the discipline he provided lacked wisdom and only invited sadness and loss in it. According to an article written by Hicks-Pass in 2009 entitled, â€Å"Corporal Punishment in America Today: Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child? † Hicks-Pass described findings that supported an intergenerational cycle of violence; parents who experienced frequent corporal punishment during childhood perceived its use as acceptable and frequently spanked their children. Basically, this means that whatever environment you are raised in will more than likely become a part of your belief system up to and including your approval of the use of corporal punishment. I have often that the exact opposite about some things as I look back on my youth and early parenthood, I found myself saying, â€Å"As a father, I refuse to repeat this behavior with my children† and worked very hard to recognize the responses in me that would have or could have led to the use of corporal punishment. I am a long way from perfect but there are a lot of ways that I have separated myself from the intergenerational beliefs systems that could have overpowered my desire to be different and in some cases better. Some of the ways that I believe a parent can discipline a child that are far removed from corporal punishment are: a) Communicating with them on their level and at a tone of instruction. Yelling is not allowed. This takes patience recognizing that a child doesn’t understand at the same pace or academic level as an adult. So it is one that requires parents to sit down and talk things out with the child explaining the right and wrong behavior and the expected behavior from the parent’s standpoint and then enforcing the change through limitations. b) Time outs that separate them from the situation completely and give them time to calm down and for the parent to do so as well. My children have a five-minute egg timer that we use when they need some time to stop and regroup. We have a place in their room where they have a chair and the egg timer. Once seated there, they cannot move until the ding of the egg-timer goes â€Å"bing†. Then they have to bring the egg timer and the explanation of the situation. Then as a parent, I explain to them the difference between what is expected and what they were doing and then ask for their confirmation of understanding. With five year olds, this takes patience because their attention span is so much shorter. ) Take aways – When my twins begin to argue about something it is usually because one of them has something the other wants and they both begin to fight for it. It is funny that they do not want it until it is firmly in the grasp of the other twin and then they begin to fight for position or possession. Here I just simply take away whatever it is they are arguing about until they can calm down and realize that it is not appropriate or fair to be jealous of someone else especially when they were doin g something that you had no interest in until they began it. This is usually over the use of the I-Pad, Computer, or some form of their homework or books in their room. Through it all, the idea is simple. If twenty-four countries have made corporal punishment illegal, then it would only make sense that we have to begin to educate those families caught up in the circle of violence that it more often than not follows. We have to also educate them with alternatives and coach them through it as they learn alternatives methods of providing discipline and guidance. I can’t remember how many times, my father was providing his discipline and was saying something like, â€Å"I told you not to do this and you are going to get it even if I have to beat it into you! † The fact is I don’t think I ever really got it and therefore have spent most of my adult life separating myself from it. If we start with ourselves and help educate others, we can make a difference but it will take generations to do so. It will not come quickly enough and many children with suffer the wrath of parents who have become their parents.